Rice yields under conventional techniques are very low without high doses of commercial fertilizer application, while intercropping with legumes can increase yields. This research aimed to examine the effect of relay-planting peanut between rice rows of different patterns on yield of red rice in aerobic irrigation systems, by conducting a field experiment designed according to Split Plot design with two treatment factors, i.e. intercropping as main plots (T0= without; T1= intercropping with peanuts), and rice row patterns as sub-plots (P1= normal or single-row; P2= double-row; P3= triple-row). In T1, one row of peanut was relay-planted (additive series) between single, double, or triple rows of red rice plants three weeks after seeding red rice on raised-beds. Results indicated that additive intercropping with peanut significantly increased clump size, dry straw weight, filled panicle number, panicle length, total biomass, filled grain number, grain yield per clump, and harvest index, and reduced percentage of unfilled grains of red rice , while patterns of rice rows only affected dry straw weight, percentage of panicle number, and weight of 100 grains. However, there were significant interactions between the treatment factors on dry straw weight and percentage of panicle number, which under single-row, they were low in monocropping but high and no differences between row patterns in intercropping system. Similarly, grain yield was lower in single or double row than triple row pattern under monocropping but significantly higher and no differences between row patterns under intercropping, indicating the highest benefits of intercropping under single row pattern.

Mycorrhiza-biofertilizer and legume intercropping were reported to increase yield and anthocyanin content of red-rice. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mycorrhiza-biofertilizer and soybean-intercropping in additive series on yield of black-rice of different genotypes in irrigated aerobic-systems on raised-beds. The experiment, conducted on farmer’s ricefield from April to August 2021, was designed using SSP design, with black-rice genotypes (G3, G9, G4/15) as main plots; intercropping (T0=monocrop; T1=intercropping) as subplots, and mycorrhiza-biofertilizer (without and with mycorrhiza) as the sub-subplots. The results indicated that mycorrhiza-biofertilizer showed the most significant effects in increasing yield of back-rice followed by soybean-intercropping and genotypes. However, the significant interaction effects especially between mycorrhiza-biofertilizer and genotypes (M*G) indicated that G3 was not responsive but both G9 and G4/15 were highly responsive to application of mycorrhiza-biofertilizer with the highest grain yield (56.79 g/clump or 10.54 t/ha) was on G4/15 with biofertilizer and the lowest (27.48 g/clump or 5.5 t/ha) was on G9 without biofertilizer. Mycorrhiza-biofertilizer was also resulted in higher increase in grain yield under soybean-intercropping (31.9%) compared with under monocropped black-rice (15.5%).

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This study aimed to examine the impact of cultivation techniques and organic fertilization of rice, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation of zero-tillage soybean on yield of soybean direct-seeded following rice in two year sequences of rice-soybean cropping (2010 and 2011) in vertisol soil taken from Central Lombok, Indonesia. The pot experiments were conducted in a glasshouse, with two treatment factors for rice crops, i.e. rice cultivation techniques (T1= Conventional, T2= SRI (System of Rice Intensification) without AMF, and T3= SRI with AMF inoculation in nursery), and organic fertilization (O1= without organic (NPK only), O2= organic manure + NPK at full recommended doses in the first or half the doses in the second year, and O3= organic manure + NPK at half the recommended doses in the first or without NPK in the second year), and AMF inoculation of soybean plants (M0= without, and M1= with AMF inoculation). The results indicated that AMF inoculation of zero -tillage soybean direct-seeded following rice crops in vertisol soil more significantly increased grain yields of soybean grown following conventional rice (with an average increase of up to 35.6%), compared with following SRIrice (only 10.6 -18.8% increase), indicating a need for AMF inoculation of soybean plants in rotation with conventional rice in vertisol soil. Different cultivation techniques and organic fertilization of rice plants also significantly affected yield of the soybean direct-seeded immediately after harvest of the preceding rice, which indicates positive impacts of organic fertilization of rice on grain yield of soybean following rice.

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