Additive manufacturing of functionally graded metallic materials using laser metal deposition

Yan, Lei; Chen, Yitao; Liou, Frank W.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.100901

Cited by 134 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Some of them focused on the analysis of the production process of these materials as well as on the modelling and simulation of the process [2][3][4][5][6] while others turned their attention to the inevitably generated residual stresses of FGMs due to thermal mismatch of each basic material using experimental and analytical methods [7,8] or their characterization [1]. Over time, a number of techniques have been developed in order to obtain FGMs: Powder metallurgy, vapor deposition, solid free form fabrication, centrifugal casting, and additive manufacturing [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Aluminum Alloy–Silicon Carbide Functionally Graded Materials Developed by Centrifugal Casting Process

et al. 2021

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The continuous development of modern industries rises the necessity for functionally graded materials. This research starts from the consideration that the incorporation of SiC particles in the molten aluminum alloy can be difficult due to the very low wettability of SiC particles. In order to increase their wettability, SiC particles were covered with a layer of metallic copper. The incorporation of SiC particles into the aluminum alloy mass was performed by centrifugal casting. The secondary hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy used in this study was elaborated within the crucible of a resistors heated furnace. The metallic coating of SiC particles, in addition to the effect of increasing their wettability by molten metal, also has a role in preventing the formation of aluminum carbide in case of heating above 700 °C. A great amount of attention was paid to the parameters used during the centrifugal casting process. The results showed that adjusting the proportion of SiC particles within the composite allows us to obtain values of the thermal expansion coefficient within previously established limits. The present work demonstrates that the coating of SiC particles covered with a thin layer of metallic Cu creates the conditions to easily incorporate them into the molten Al mass, thus obtaining FGMs with controlled properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Aluminum Alloy–Silicon Carbide Functionally Graded Materials Developed by Centrifugal Casting Process

et al. 2021

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“…Further progress in solving CRM-related challenges belongs to the developing trends in AM and its deep integration with other processing modalities. Several AM-related possibilities to reduce and optimize the use of CRMs and CRM-based materials are discussed in this review: Use of hybrid manufacturing [ 138 , 146 , 174 ]; Production of multimaterial components [ 175 , 176 ]; Production of functionally graded materials (FGMs) [ 153 , 165 , 177 , 178 ]; Repairing and remanufacturing using additive manufacturing [ 143 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 ]. …”

Section: Modern and Future Trends In Additive Manufacturing Of Crmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Using Critical Raw Materials: A Review

et al. 2021

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The term “critical raw materials” (CRMs) refers to various metals and nonmetals that are crucial to Europe’s economic progress. Modern technologies enabling effective use and recyclability of CRMs are in critical demand for the EU industries. The use of CRMs, especially in the fields of biomedicine, aerospace, electric vehicles, and energy applications, is almost irreplaceable. Additive manufacturing (also referred to as 3D printing) is one of the key enabling technologies in the field of manufacturing which underpins the Fourth Industrial Revolution. 3D printing not only suppresses waste but also provides an efficient buy-to-fly ratio and possesses the potential to entirely change supply and distribution chains, significantly reducing costs and revolutionizing all logistics. This review provides comprehensive new insights into CRM-containing materials processed by modern additive manufacturing techniques and outlines the potential for increasing the efficiency of CRMs utilization and reducing the dependence on CRMs through wider industrial incorporation of AM and specifics of powder bed AM methods making them prime candidates for such developments.

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“…The arrangement of the cantilever beams is composed of two different materials, three different materials, and four different materials are shown in Figure 3(a) to (d). The general deflection formula for a cantilever beam given by equation (1) was used to derive the deflection equations for the various types of FGNF beams…”

Section: Modeling Of Cantilever Beam and Finite Element Analysis Of Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to this unique advantage, FGM has been extensively researched in the past. [1][2][3][4] However, majority of the research are limited to metallic materials and ceramicmetal composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionally graded wood filler–recycled polypropylene composite: Effect of mechanical loading on deflection of cantilever beam

Bahri

Ratnam

Khalil

2020

Advanced Composites Letters

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Structures made from natural fiber–polypropylene composite material usually have uniform mechanical properties throughout. In some applications, such as in products with snap-fit assembly, it is desirable to have lower stiffness in some parts of the structure while having significantly higher stiffness at other parts of the same structure. In this research, the effect of changing the material arrangement and composition in a cantilever beam made from functionally graded natural filler–recycled polypropylene (FGNF-RPP) composite on the deflection behavior was investigated under static mechanical loads. The composite material was made using 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% waste wood sawdust as a filler and arranged in different sequences to fabricate beams having 30–40, 20–30–40, and 10–20–30–40 hybrid sections along the length. The deflection behavior was investigated by both experiment and finite element modeling. The results showed that the 30–40 setup produced the least deflection when the 40% end of the beam was fixed, while the 10–20–30–40 setup produced the highest stiffness when fixed at the 40% section. The study has shown that the FGNF-RPP structure can be custom-designed to obtain different stiffness along the same structure, thus making it possible to design products with varying stiffness.

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Additive manufacturing of functionally graded metallic materials using laser metal deposition

Cited by 134 publications

References 63 publications

Characterization of Aluminum Alloy–Silicon Carbide Functionally Graded Materials Developed by Centrifugal Casting Process

Characterization of Aluminum Alloy–Silicon Carbide Functionally Graded Materials Developed by Centrifugal Casting Process

Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Using Critical Raw Materials: A Review

Functionally graded wood filler–recycled polypropylene composite: Effect of mechanical loading on deflection of cantilever beam

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