Additive manufacturing of functionally graded materials: A review

Over the last few years, many classifications have been proposed for functionally graded materials (FGMs). In this Paper, critical review of different available classifications for FGM based on their physical, structural and manufacturing characteristics are presented. Advantages and limitations of each fabrication method for use in a given application is correspondingly considered. In addition, new classifications based on gradation control and accuracy, residual stresses, specific energy consumption, environmental impact evaluated throughout the complete life cycle and manufacturing costs are proposed. These classifications mainly reflect the needs of both FGM designers and industrial manufacturers. Based upon the presented classifications and the recent advances in analysis and production techniques, new major directions for FGMs research are proposed.

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“…A further subgroup can be obtained by considering size change in any of the cases (e.g. grain size coarsening or different particle sizes) [45].…”

Section: According To Fgm Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

2019

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“…The 7075 alloys are built on a quaternary Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloying system with high strength and seen as good airframe material [10,11]. They are largely used for structures in modern aircraft where the specific strength of a high level is required [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation of the effect of processing parameters on densification, microstructure and hardness of selective laser melted 7075 aluminium alloy

Mbakaan²,

Barki

2020

Mater. Res. Express

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The 7075 aluminum alloy of the 7xxx series largely used for structures in modern aircraft has been successfully fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The morphology of the initial 7075 aluminum alloy powders was characterized by a Zeiss Evo 50 Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Energy Dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer attached to SEM was used as a tool to obtain the chemical composition of the powders. Processing parameters including scan speed, hatch distance and constant laser power (100 and 150 W) effect on densification, microstructure and hardness were investigated. The initial powder particles were found to be elongated and non-spherical and composed of Al, Zn, Mg, Cu, and Ag without Si. The result of the influence of processing parameters on properties of the as-built samples by SLM technology indicates that higher densification of parts can be gained using higher laser power and lower laser scan speed and hatch distance due to significant reduction in the number of pores. Two major types of pores including metallurgical and keyhole pores have been identified with the keyhole pores dominating the samples processed by low laser power of 100 W. The keyhole pores increase in size at a high scan speed and hatch distances. By using higher laser power of 150 W, the keyhole pores reduced significantly while metallurgical pores appear. The result of the hardness test conducted on the samples shows that high values of hardness can be achieved with low scan speed.

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“…Graded materials have attracted great attention because they exhibit significant damage resistance that cannot be realized in conventional homogeneous materials [1,2]. Progress in material synthesis makes it more flexible to design and fabricate surface coatings having the desired gradient in composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage Adaptive Titanium Alloy by In-Situ Elastic Gradual Mechanism

et al. 2020

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Natural materials are generally damage adaptive through their multilevel architectures, with the characteristics of compositional and mechanical gradients. This study demonstrated that the desired elastic gradient can be in-situ stress-induced in a titanium alloy, and that the alloy showed extreme fatigue-damage tolerance through the crack deflection and branch due to the formation of a three-dimensional elastically graded zone surrounding the crack tip. This looks like a perceptive and adaptive mechanism to retard the crack: the higher stress concentrated at the tip and the larger elastic gradient to be induced. The retardation is so strong that a gradient nano-grained layer with a thickness of less than 2 μm formed at the crack tip due to the highly localized and accumulated plasticity. Furthermore, the ultrafine-grained alloy with the nano-sized precipitation also exhibited good damage tolerance.

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Additive manufacturing of functionally graded materials: A review

Cited by 399 publications

References 162 publications

Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

Experimental investigation of the effect of processing parameters on densification, microstructure and hardness of selective laser melted 7075 aluminium alloy

Damage Adaptive Titanium Alloy by In-Situ Elastic Gradual Mechanism

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