Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Materials: Progress, Promise and Challenges

Alghamdi, Saad Saleh; John, Sabu; Choudhury, Namita Roy; Dutta, Naba K.

doi:10.3390/polym13050753

Cited by 244 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 238 publications

(255 reference statements)

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“…A variety of AM methods are available to 3D print a wide range of materials including metals [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], polymers [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], polymer composites [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], ceramics [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], and cement [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. The ASTM (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015) has classified the range of AM processes into seven general categories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

et al. 2021

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“…New scientific progress may contribute to the activation or movement of intelligent structures according to a predefined program. Similarly, gradient functional materials can not only control the microstructural properties of 4D printed structures by rationally tuning the density and orientation of the printed material layer-by-layer to create more complex geometric transformations but also enhance the interface bonding strength of different smart compositions [ 215 ]. In conclusion, the advancement of multi-material 4D printing is a determinant factor in driving the development of the smart materials domain.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientometric Analysis and Systematic Review of Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing of Polymers

et al. 2021

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Multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers has experienced a remarkable increase in interest over the last 20 years. This technology can rapidly design and directly fabricate three-dimensional (3D) parts with multiple materials without complicating manufacturing processes. This research aims to obtain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the current state of research and reveal challenges and opportunities for future research in the area. To achieve the goal, this study conducts a scientometric analysis and a systematic review of the global research published from 2000 to 2021 on multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers. In the scientometric analysis, a total of 2512 journal papers from the Scopus database were analyzed by evaluating the number of publications, literature coupling, keyword co-occurrence, authorship, and countries/regions activities. By doing so, the main research frame, articles, and topics of this research field were quantitatively determined. Subsequently, an in-depth systematic review is proposed to provide insight into recent advances in multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers in the aspect of technologies and applications, respectively. From the scientometric analysis, a heavy bias was found towards studying materials in this field but also a lack of focus on developing technologies. The future trend is proposed by the systematic review and is discussed in the directions of interfacial bonding strength, printing efficiency, and microscale/nanoscale multi-material 3D printing. This study contributes by providing knowledge for practitioners and researchers to understand the state of the art of multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers and expose its research needs, which can serve both academia and industry.

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“…Additive manufacturing (AM) has been one of the most foremost manufacturing technologies over the last 10 years, either in the industrial [1] or in the academic communities [2]. One of the popular AM technologies is fused filament fabrication (FFF), which belongs to them material extrusion category [3,4] of the 3D printing family of technologies and has been widely used for prototyping applications [5]. The increasing demand for the utilization of the FFF technology in various types of applications has significantly raised the interest in the mechanical properties of the polymers, which are manufactured with 3D printing processes [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain Rate Sensitivity of Polycarbonate and Thermoplastic Polyurethane for Various 3D Printing Temperatures and Layer Heights

et al. 2021

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In this work, strain rate sensitivity was studied for 3D-printed polycarbonate (PC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) materials. Specimens were fabricated through fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing (AM) technology and were tested at various strain rates. The effects of two FFF process parameters, i.e., nozzle temperature and layer thickness, were also investigated. A wide analysis for the tensile strength (MPa), the tensile modulus of elasticity (MPa), the toughness (MJ/m3) and the strain rate sensitivity index ‘m’ was conducted. Additionally, a morphological analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the side and the fracture area of the specimens. Results from the different strain rates for each material were analyzed, in conjunction with the two FFF parameters tested, to determine their effect on the mechanical response of the two materials. PC and TPU materials exhibited similarities regarding their temperature response at different strain rates, while differences in layer height emerged regarding the appropriate choice for the FFF process. Overall, strain rate had a significant effect on the mechanical response of both materials.

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Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Materials: Progress, Promise and Challenges

Cited by 244 publications

References 238 publications

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

Scientometric Analysis and Systematic Review of Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing of Polymers

Strain Rate Sensitivity of Polycarbonate and Thermoplastic Polyurethane for Various 3D Printing Temperatures and Layer Heights

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