Additive manufacturing of tool steel by laser metal deposition

Steels in additive manufacturing: A review of their microstructure and properties

“…Similar to maraging steels, the microstructure of AM-produced H13 tool steel consists of solidification cells/dendrites with retained austenite located in the interdendritic regions. The cell size ranges from 0.5 to 2 μm for L-PBF [158,162,166,174] and from 2 to 30 μm for DED [165,167,169,173,175]. In DED, the secondary dendrite side arms are more pronounced than in L-PBF [175].…”

Unravelling thermal history during additive manufacturing of martensitic stainless steel

“…First of all, a thermal history of the component being subjected to continuous heating and cooling needs to be defined to understand the thermal effect on the AM component. Bohlen et al [ 7 ] experimentally revealed that a certain layer of the AM component undergoes damped thermal cycles by attaching thermocouples on it. The thermal cycle has been numerically examined by modeling a temperature distribution profile induced by a melting pool of post deposit layers [ [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] ], which was useful to optimize the heat source parameter.…”

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser deposition manufactured a newly developed Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2V titanium alloy

“…In addition, higher requirements for the preparation process are put forward to meet the design concept of lightweight, complication and integration for Ti alloy components with the rapid development of aerospace industry. Laser deposition manufacturing (LDM) is an integrated forming manufacturing technology with high e ciency, high precision and low cost [16][17][18], which provides a novel manufacturing approach for Ti alloy components with complex con guration. In recent years, the correlation studies focused on the applications of LDM technique in high strength and high toughness Ti alloys have been widely carried out, such as Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr alloy [19], Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy [20], Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy [21][22][23], Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy [24,25], and Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr alloy [26].…”