Addressing police discrimination regarding mental distress using a service user-led and interpersonal contact/education based ‘e-Learning’

Davey, Steven; Gordon, Sarah; Tester, Rachel

doi:10.1080/15614263.2019.1689128

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Mental health crises will often take place in a person’s home with others, often family, present. In line with research of parents of children with psychosis,87 companions described the, often traumatic, impact of the FR response and a lack of inclusion and communication 18 24–30 33–37 39–41 43–60 62–70 74–78 81 82 86 88–104. Our findings reflect that of previous studies,105 which show that family/carers experience distress, guilt, reluctance to call FRs, fear of disproportionate use of force and relief for having FR support.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…After CIT training, FRs reported better understanding and identification of MHCs, and being equipped to ask direct questions and spend more time with PMI 25 26 34 35 40 46 47 53. Training reduced the unpredictability of MHC and FRs felt safer, more confident and patient 35 43 58 65 66. Training normalised mental illness and increased FR empathy by challenging stigma and stereotypes, resulting fewer injuries and arrests and more support for PMI25 26 34 35 46 47 53 55 67 68: “You know, after you come out of CIT training, you understand that it’s an illness that’s treatable and that, you know, just normal people can suffer from a mental illness ’’ (police officer) 68.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subjective experiences of the first response to mental health crises in the community: a qualitative systematic review

2022

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ObjectiveTo review and synthesise qualitative studies that have explored subjective experiences of people with lived experience of mental health-related illness/crisis (MHC), their families and first responders.DesignA systematic review of qualitative evidence was conducted. English-language articles exploring the content of interactions and participants’ experiences were included.Data sourcesMEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL; Google Scholar, SAGE journals, Science Direct and PubMed.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers read and systematically extracted data from the included papers. Papers were appraised for methodological rigour using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Checklist. Data were thematically analysed.ResultsWe identified 3483 unique records, 404 full-texts were assessed against the inclusion criteria and 79 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. First responders (FRs) identified in studies were police and ambulance staff. Main factors influencing response are persistent stigmatised attitudes among FRs, arbitrary training and the triadic interactions between FRs, people with mental illness and third parties present at the crisis. In addition, FR personal experience of mental illness and focused training can help create a more empathetic response, however lack of resources in mental health services continues to be a barrier where ‘frequent attenders’ are repeatedly let down by mental health services.ConclusionLack of resources in mental healthcare and rise in mental illness suggest that FR response to MHC is inevitable. Inconsistent training, complexity of procedures and persistent stigmatisation make this a very challenging task. Improving communication with family carers and colleagues could make a difference. Broader issues of legitimacy and procedural barriers should be considered in order to reduce criminalisation and ensure an empathetic response.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective experiences of the first response to mental health crises in the community: a qualitative systematic review

2022

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“…Numerous barriers and facilitators were identified regarding how the interventions were bundled, presented, and assembled (ie, design quality and packaging) ( Table 5 ). Participants from several studies considered web-based platforms to be an impersonal medium (eg, no face-to-face contact or human interaction) [ 53 , 57 , 61 ], and some saw its use as inappropriate for helping with sensitive topics such as mental health problems [ 44 ]. Several usability issues (eg, poor accessibility, technical issues, unclear navigational elements and user interface, and overly effortful tasks) have also emerged as barriers [ 40 , 52 , 53 , 60 , 61 , 64 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Implementing Occupational eMental Health Interventions: Scoping Review

Bernard¹,

Toppo²,

Raggi³

et al. 2022

J Med Internet Res

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Background The implementation of eMental health interventions, especially in the workplace, is a complex process. Therefore, learning from existing implementation strategies is imperative to ensure improvements in the adoption, development, and scalability of occupational eMental health (OeMH) interventions. However, the implementation strategies used for these interventions are often undocumented or inadequately reported and have not been systematically gathered across implementations in a way that can serve as a much-needed guide for researchers. Objective The objective of this scoping review was to identify implementation strategies relevant to the uptake of OeMH interventions that target employees and detail the associated barriers and facilitation measures. Methods A scoping review was conducted. The descriptive synthesis was guided by the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) framework and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Results A total of 31 of 32,916 (0.09%) publications reporting the use of the web-, smartphone-, telephone-, and email-based OeMH interventions were included. In all, 98 implementation strategies, 114 barriers, and 131 facilitators were identified. The synthesis of barriers and facilitators produced 19 facilitation measures that provide initial recommendations for improving the implementation of OeMH interventions. Conclusions This scoping review represents one of the first steps in a research agenda aimed at improving the implementation of OeMH interventions by systematically selecting, shaping, evaluating, and reporting implementation strategies. There is a dire need for improved reporting of implementation strategies and combining common implementation frameworks with more technology-centric implementation frameworks to fully capture the complexities of eHealth implementation. Future research should investigate a wider range of common implementation outcomes for OeMH interventions that also focus on a wider set of common mental health problems in the workplace. This scoping review’s findings can be critically leveraged by discerning decision-makers to improve the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of OeMH interventions.

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“…Aspects of police officers' discontent in the literature include being “used as a taxi service” (Wood et al, 2021, p. 36) and being “no mental health expert” (Wondemaghen, 2021, p. 269). A study evaluating police training in NZ found a strong sense of disappointment and frustration responding to mental health‐related callouts as police officers lacked the support from other services (Davey et al, 2021). Police believed if more support was available, mental health callouts would be less time consuming, and possibly, staff satisfaction would increase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘An accident waiting to happen’ ‐ experiences of police officers, paramedics, and mental health clinicians involved in 911‐mental health crises: a cross‐sectional survey

Kuehl

Kim

Every‐Palmer

2023

Psychiatric Ment Health Nurs

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Accessible Summary What is known on the subject Police and ambulance staff are increasingly asked to help people experiencing mental health crises, but they often feel under‐prepared. The single frontline service approach is time‐intensive and risks a coercive pathway to care. The emergency department is the default location for transfers by police or ambulance involving a person involved in a mental health crisis, despite being viewed as suboptimal. What the paper adds to existing knowledge Police and ambulance staff struggled keeping up with the mental health demand, reporting inadequate mental health training, little enjoyment and negative experiences when trying to access help from other services. Most mental health staff had adequate mental health training and enjoyed their work, but many experienced difficulties getting help from other services. Police and ambulance staff found it hard to work with mental health services. What are the implications for practice The combination of limited training, poor interagency referral processes, and difficulties accessing support from mental health services means that when police and ambulance services attend mental health crises alone, distress may be heightened and prolonged. Enhanced mental health training for first responders and more streamlined referral processes may improve process and outcomes. Mental health nurses have key skills that could be utilized in assisting police and ambulance staff who attend 911 emergency mental health calls. New models such as co‐response teams, whereby police, mental health clinicians and ambulance staff respond conjointly should be trialled and evaluated. Abstract Introduction First responders are increasingly called to assist people experiencing mental health crises but little research exists canvassing multi‐agency perspectives of such work. Aim/Question To understand the views of police officers, ambulance and mental health staff attending mental health or suicide‐related crises in Aotearoa New Zealand and to discover how they experience current models of cross‐agency collaboration. Methods A descriptive cross‐sectional survey involving mixed methods. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and free text by content analysis. Results Participants included 57 police officers, 29 paramedics and 33 mental health professionals. Mental health staff felt adequately trained, but only 36% described good processes for accessing inter‐agency support. Police and ambulance staff felt undertrained and unprepared. Accessing mental health expertise was considered difficult by 89% of police and 62% of ambulance staff. Discussion Frontline services struggle managing mental health‐related 911 emergencies. Current models are not working well. Miscommunication, dissatisfaction and distrust exist between police, ambulance and mental health services. Conclusion The single‐agency frontline response may be detrimental to service users in crisis and under‐utilizes the skills of mental health staff. New ways of inter‐agen...

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Addressing police discrimination regarding mental distress using a service user-led and interpersonal contact/education based ‘e-Learning’

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Subjective experiences of the first response to mental health crises in the community: a qualitative systematic review

Subjective experiences of the first response to mental health crises in the community: a qualitative systematic review

Strategies for Implementing Occupational eMental Health Interventions: Scoping Review

‘An accident waiting to happen’ ‐ experiences of police officers, paramedics, and mental health clinicians involved in 911‐mental health crises: a cross‐sectional survey

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