Addressing two blind spots of commonly used experimental designs: The Highly‐Repeated Within‐Person approach

Zayas, Vivian; Sridharan, Vasundhara; Lee, Randy T.; Shoda, Yuichi

doi:10.1111/spc3.12487

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Predominantly, research designs used in sport science studies focus on effects observed at the group level and are limited in their ability to identify the extent to which effects apply to each participant in the study. This approach to research design and data analysis can promote erroneous and problematic conclusions about the effects of specific variables both for an individual participant and by extension to the group 33 . Specifically, the variability of affective responses across both intra‐ and inter‐personal comparisons can increase the likelihood of incomplete deductions being made from analyses conducted solely at the group level 34 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal aspects of affective states, physiological responses, and perceived exertion in competitive cycling time trials

Davis

Stenling

2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Athletes’ affective states can vary dramatically before, during, and after competition. Further, intense affect is associated with physiological responses that may amplify biological reactions manifested from the execution of physical tasks underlying performance. Fluctuations in perceptual cues (eg, perceived exertion) and physiological responses (eg, blood lactate, heart rate) can influence performance and vary dramatically in relation to competition. However, the pattern of these fluctuations and potential associations between perceptual cues and biological responses may also diverge during task execution with differential implications for performance. Data collected from highly trained athletes (N = 25; Mage = 25.4) during a competition (ie, maximum total distance) comprised of three 7‐minute cycling time trials and were analyzed with longitudinal multilevel modeling. Results showed that affective states were negatively associated with perceived exertion at the within‐person level and negatively associated with heart rate at the between‐person level within each trial. Blood lactate and heart rate were positively associated at the between‐person level, whereas heart rate was positively associated with perceived exertion at the within‐person level. The anticipation of more pleasurable affective states predicted less decline in affective states, but not physiological responses, during each trial. Anticipated affective states prior to each trial were also associated with affective states upon its completion. These findings suggest associations among perceptual cues and physiological responses may differ depending on the level of analysis (between‐ vs. within‐person level associations), and anticipated affective states prior to performance may influence affective states during and after task execution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal aspects of affective states, physiological responses, and perceived exertion in competitive cycling time trials

Davis

Stenling

2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Using repeated-measures within-person designs that collect multiple observations of the same construct (e.g., anxiety) in response to the same situational features (e.g., crowds, or economic reminders) would increase statistical power and help identify psychological triggers of the PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IN THE WAKE OF COVID-19 40 pandemic (e.g., conservatives may be more reactive to economic insecurities, and liberals more reactive to health insecurities) as well as key individual-difference factors (Zayas, et al, 2019).…”

Section: Person-environment Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Meta-Scientific Considerations

Rosenfeld¹,

Balcetis²,

Bastian³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The emergence of COVID-19 has changed the state of psychological science: The foreseeable future of how psychologists will conduct research, and on what topics, is unclear. The current article provides a comprehensive perspective on how social psychologists can optimize their research in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we (a) highlight psychological phenomena that are most likely to change during the wake of COVID-19; (b) discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations of conducting research on these phenomena; and (c) outline promising directions for key programs of research. We conclude with meta-scientific considerations and critical evaluations of scientific reproducibility. By many projections, society will remain altered by the COVID-19 pandemic permanently, such that a “new normal” will emerge with regards to social norms and perceptions underlying the basic processes psychologists have studied for decades. Such shifts can, in turn, blur the lines between findings that denote failures to replicate and findings that reflect previously absent environmental influences on cognition and behavior. These considerations will be important for how psychologists evaluate theory, consider social-contextual boundary conditions of effects, and conceptualize what it means for science to be truly reproducible.

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“…For example, whether a person feels included or excluded is a feature that may be best captured on a continuum (Löckenhoff, Cook, Anderson, & Zayas, 2012). Moreover, the effect of some features, like arousal, are nonlinear (Duffy, 1957); so simply assessing behaviors as they occur in two situations that represent the end points of this continuum (low vs. high arousal) might fail to detect important the effect of situational features on behavior (Zayas, Sridharan, R.T. Lee, & Shoda, 2019). Fourth, and not least, how exactly can researchers use observable if…then… profiles to enhance understanding of underlying psychological processes (i.e., a person's CAPS network) without falling prey to the propositional fallacy of affirming the consequent.…”

Section: A Contemporary Approach To Conceptualizing If…then… Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee, 2009;LeeTiernan, 2002;Shoda, 1999Shoda, , 2004Shoda & LeeTiernan, 2002;Shoda, et al, 1994;Whitsett & Shoda, 2014;Wilson, 2008;Zayas & Shoda, 2007). For example, in one study (see Sridharan, 2015;Zayas et al, 2019), participants were presented with numerous anti-smoking messages, which had been collected from the internet, and their attitudes towards smoking were assessed after viewing each message. The anti-smoking messages were actual messages used in various anti-smoking campaigns.…”

Section: Data-driven "Bottom-up" Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, unless the features identified through bottom-up approaches are then used to construct stimuli that vary in them orthogonally, it is not possible to provide strong causal evidence that a particular feature leads to a particular response. For example, in the antismoking message study (Zayas, et al 2019), it is possible that a feature that was not identified, and thus not measured, could co-occur with a measured situational feature. In that study, the credibility of the source posting the message (e.g., a message from the Center of Disease Control) predicted more negative anti-smoking attitudes.…”

Section: Data-driven "Bottom-up" Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling the mind: Assessment of if…then… profiles as a window to shared and idiosyncratic psychological processes

Zayas¹,

Rt²,

Shoda³

2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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People’s behavior is characterized by stable if…then… profiles, or if in x situation then behavior a, but if in y situation then behavior b. But how do researchers conceptualize and measure if…then… profiles? Drawing from Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS) theory, we discuss recent developments in assessing if…then… profiles, and how such profiles can provide a window for elucidating key aspects of the underlying personality system. Specifically, the Highly-Repeated Within-Person (HRWP) approach assesses how a behavior varies as a function of key features in a situation, and operationalizes if…then… profiles as regression betas. We illustrate how the HRWP approach can be applied to data from often-used social cognitive tasks, wherein an individual is exposed to a large number of situations that differ on a dimension that has been experimentally-manipulated by the researcher, and their behaviors to the situations are tracked. The HRWP approach allows researchers to more precisely assess a given individual’s if…then… pattern, make stronger causal inferences about a given individual’s personality system, and empirically investigate, rather than simply assume, if there are meaningful differences between individuals in the causal processes.

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Addressing two blind spots of commonly used experimental designs: The Highly‐Repeated Within‐Person approach

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Temporal aspects of affective states, physiological responses, and perceived exertion in competitive cycling time trials

Temporal aspects of affective states, physiological responses, and perceived exertion in competitive cycling time trials

Psychological Science in the Wake of COVID-19: Social, Methodological, and Meta-Scientific Considerations

Modeling the mind: Assessment of if…then… profiles as a window to shared and idiosyncratic psychological processes

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