Adenine, guanine and pyridine nucleotides in blood during physical exercise and restitution in healthy subjects

Abstract

Maximal physical exertion is accompanied by increased degradation of purine nucleotides in muscles with the products of purine catabolism accumulating in the plasma. Thanks to membrane transporters, these products remain in an equilibrium between the plasma and red blood cells where they may serve as substrates in salvage reactions, contributing to an increase in the concentrations of purine nucleotides. In this study, we measured the concentrations of adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP), inosine nucleotides (IMP), guanine nucleotides (GTP, GDP, GMP), and also pyridine nucleotides (NAD, NADP) in red blood cells immediately after standardized physical effort with increasing intensity, and at the 30th min of rest. We also examined the effect of muscular exercise on adenylate (guanylate) energy charge—AEC (GEC), and on the concentration of nucleosides (guanosine, inosine, adenosine) and hypoxanthine. We have shown in this study that a standardized physical exercise with increasing intensity leads to an increase in IMP concentration in red blood cells immediately after the exercise, which with a significant increase in Hyp concentration in the blood suggests that Hyp was included in the IMP pool. Restitution is accompanied by an increase in the ATP/ADP and ADP/AMP ratios, which indicates an increase in the phosphorylation of AMP and ADP to ATP. Physical effort applied in this study did not lead to changes in the concentrations of guanine and pyridine nucleotides in red blood cells.

A Novel Method for Measuring the ATP-Related Compounds in Human Erythrocytes

“…This novel quantitative method was able to evaluate nine ATP-related compounds using a smaller volume of whole blood (125 μL) compared to previous measurements of these compounds, which employed 500 to 2,000 µL of whole blood (Harmsen et al 1981;Crescentini and Stocchi 1984;Stocchi et al 1985Stocchi et al , 1987Formato et al 1990;Nishikawa et al 1991;Smoleńska et al 1999;BaranowskaBosiacka and Hlynczak 2004;Dudzinska and Hlynczak 2004;Domański et al 2007;Coolen et al 2008;Dudzinska et al 2010;Suska and Skotnicka 2010). Consequently, blood from a single sample can be used for more tests.…”

“…Moreover, the ranges in Table 3 were established using the normal values from human samples of whole blood and RBCs (Scholar et al 1973;Rapoport et al 1976;Harmsen et al 1981;Ericson et al 1983;Crescentini and Stocchi 1984;de Korte et al 1985;Stocchi et al 1985Stocchi et al , 1987Werner et al 1987;Trulock 1990;Özer et al 2000;Van den Bossche et al 2002;Coolen et al 2008;Dudzinska et al 2010;Díaz et al 2012); however, some normal amounts of nucleotides were not included in these ranges because these values were not reported per volume of RBCs (Beutler et al 1983;Crescentini and Stocchi 1984;de Korte et al 1985;Tekkanat and Fox 1988;Coolen et al 2008) or the units did not agree with the amounts (Schweinsberg and Loo 1980;Formato et al 1990;Buoncristiani et al 1996;Bolzonella et al 2001).…”

“…The total adenylate nucleotides (TAN) and the adenylate energy charge (AEC) as well as the ATP/ADP and ADP/AMP ratios were calculated using the amounts of these compounds in the RBCs (Dudzinska et al 2010). The adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine and uric acid contents were obtained as nucleotide amounts, but the hematocrit corrections were not applied for these compounds because they were reported in μmol/L of whole blood (Coolen et al 2008;Dudzinska et al 2010).…”

NanoUPLC/MSE proteomic analysis reveals modulation on left ventricle proteome from hypertensive rats after exercise training

“…4B), may be associated with the increase of purine metabolism after exercise [87]. Since this enzyme participates in the formation of nucleotides [88], this synthesis might be a response to elevated energy demands in cardiomyocyte submitted to SHR-HIT. Lastly, cytochrome b c1 complex subunit 6 mitochondrial was also highly enhanced at both intensities.…”

Alterações dos níveis séricos de creatinina, ácido úrico, creatina kinase e da taxa de filtração glomerular em corredores de “rua”

“…On the other hand, lower serum levels of UA were found, reduced activities of the AMP-deaminase (AMPD) enzymes and increased activity of the Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyl Transferase (HPRT) enzymes in athletes who underwent training on a cycle ergometer three times per week for six weeks 22 . The salvage pathway of the nucleotides utilizes the 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) by the enzyme HPRT along with a reduction of the activity of the AMPD enzyme, reducing thereby the UA levels and increasing the levels of Inosine Monophosphate (IMP) in which the molecules of AMP and ADP undergo rephosphorylation until ATP 23 . Strenuous physical exercising can cause an overload on the muscles.…”