Adequacy of Water Use Resources for Drinking and Irrigation, Study Case of Sarh City, Capital of Moyen-Chari Province, CHAD

Kadjangaba, Edith; Bongo, Djimako; Bandoumel, Mekila Le

doi:10.4236/ojmh.2023.131001

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 24 publications

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“…;Abderamane et al 2016; Ndoye et al2018;Bon et al 2021;Kadjangaba et al 2022; WHO 2022;Alogayell et al 2023;Hasan and Rai 2023;Patel et al 2023;Jarray et al 2023) have been used to assess water quality.The quality of water intended for human consumption and domestic use has been evaluated based on the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO 2022). The results (Tab.1)…”

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Groundwater assessment in endorheic basins at the transition arid-semi-arid climates in Africa- A case study of the Batha aquifer system, NE Chad

ARRAKHAIS,

Hamit,

Fontaine

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The present study focuses on the hydrogeological system of the Batha basin (Chad). This area is symptomatic of the functioning of an endoreic basin in an arid to semi-arid climate, of its water storage capacity related with the climatic fluctuations, and of the problems associated with assessing resources in this Sahelian zone. This basin forms the eastern part of the Lake Chad basin, which extends over 2.38 Mkm2. It is a vast sedimentary basin, filled by detrital and fluvial-lacustrine deposits of Eocene (Continental Terminal) to Quaternary age, and bordered by Precambrian crystalline formations. The study aims to assess the aquifer potential of the groundwater system and its dynamics using a combined geology-hydrogeology-hydrochemistry approach. The lithology defined an heterogeneous and multi-layered system. The piezometric map reveals the dynamics of the general groundwater flow direction SE-NW, suggesting the interconnection of the different parts of the aquifer system. Based on the concentrations of major ions in solution, the hydrochemical results have identified four main types of facies: calcium bicarbonate (dominant), sodium bicarbonate, sulphate-sodium and mixed. The mineralization of these facies appears to be essentially controlled by water-rock interaction and to a lesser extent by base exchange and evaporation process. Calculations of saturation indices indicate that these waters are close to equilibrium with the calcite-Mg phases, gaylussite and gypsum. Nevertheless, given the low and medium ionic contents, it appears that the groundwater in the Batha basin is moderately evolved. On the other hand, stable isotope analyses (δ2H and δ18O) of groundwaters show the existence of three compositional groups corresponding to: (A) ancient water disconnected from current meteoric influences, (B) mixtures of current meteoric water and older water affected by evaporation during infiltration, (C) mixtures of current and ancient meteoric water more impacted by the evaporation process. In addition, tritium (3H) analysis of these waters shows the existence of three composition groups corresponding to current rainwater, modern water and post-modern water. Taken together, these results show that the hydrogeochemical differentiations obtained from both ionic and isotopic analyses cannot be strictly associated with the different aquifers (Quaternary, Pliocene, CT and basement). This confirms the interconnection of the Batha system and suggests that the heterogeneity observed is mostly controlled by lithological and climatic variations.

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Groundwater assessment in endorheic basins at the transition arid-semi-arid climates in Africa- A case study of the Batha aquifer system, NE Chad

ARRAKHAIS,

Hamit,

Fontaine

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Groundwater Dynamics in African Endorheic Basins in Arid to Semi-Arid Transition Zones: The Batha Aquifer System, NE Chad

Arrakhais,

Hamit,

Fontaine

et al. 2024

Water

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This study investigates the Batha endorheic basin in Chad, situated east of the Lake Chad basin in the arid to semi-arid Sahelian zone. This region has not yet undergone comprehensive geological and hydrogeological studies. More broadly, the transition zone between semi-arid and arid climates has been minimally explored. This research aims to evaluate the resources and dynamics of this multi-layered system using a combined geology-hydrogeology-hydrochemistry-isotopes approach. The multilayer system includes sedimentary layers (Quaternary, Pliocene, and Eocene) over a crystalline basement. A piezometric investigation of the system shows a general SE–NW groundwater, indicating an interconnection between all layers. Hydrochemical analyses identifies four main facies (calcium-bicarbonate, sodium-bicarbonate, sulphate-sodium, and mixed), primarily controlled by water–rock interaction with secondary influences from base-exchange and evaporation. Saturation indices indicate that these waters are close to equilibrium with the calcite-Mg phases, gaylussite and gypsum. Stable isotopes (oxygen-18 and deuterium) categorize groundwater into three groups: ancient water, recent and older meteoric water mixtures affected by evaporation, and mixtures more heavily impacted by evaporation. Tritium contents reveal three groups: current rainwater, modern water, and sub-modern water. These results indicate that ionic and isotopic differentiations cannot be strictly linked to specific layers, confirming the interconnected nature of the Batha system. The observed heterogeneity is mainly influenced by lithological and climatic variations. This study, though still limited, enhances significantly the understanding of the basin’s functioning and supports the rational exploitation of its vital resources for the Batha area’s development. Future investigations to complete the present study are highlighted.

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Adequacy of Water Use Resources for Drinking and Irrigation, Study Case of Sarh City, Capital of Moyen-Chari Province, CHAD

Cited by 2 publications

References 24 publications

Groundwater assessment in endorheic basins at the transition arid-semi-arid climates in Africa- A case study of the Batha aquifer system, NE Chad

Groundwater assessment in endorheic basins at the transition arid-semi-arid climates in Africa- A case study of the Batha aquifer system, NE Chad

Groundwater Dynamics in African Endorheic Basins in Arid to Semi-Arid Transition Zones: The Batha Aquifer System, NE Chad

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