ADHD Is Associated With a Widespread Pattern of Risky Behavior Across Activity Domains

Shoham, Rachel; Sonuga‐Barke, Edmund; Yaniv, Ilan; Pollak, Yehuda

doi:10.1177/1087054719875786

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The following scales were used to measure the independent variables: a health status scale consisting of questions regarding number of sleep hours, physical activity, smoking, the presence of chronic illness, and subjective health impression 5 ; the Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress 6 ; the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale in Hebrew 7 ; the Prosocial subscale of the young adult Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 8 ; the Adult Risk-Taking Inventory 9 ; a perceived risk of COVID-19 scale and a perceived efficacy of the Ministry of Health instructions scale that were composed for this study; and specific questions regarding the exposure to the media and the instructions (see Supplementary Materials for more details about the measurements). Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the associations between the independent variables and the primary outcome.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The participants were asked to fill out basic sociodemographic data (age, sex, education, economic and marriage status, somatic/psychological difficulties, family history of mental disorders, smoking, alcohol and drug use); the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), 8 which showed satisfactory psychometric characteristics in our study (α = 0.79); and the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to evaluate the perceived levels of stress over the past 2 weeks (α = 0.84). 9 Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study and their anonymity was preserved.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Predictors of non‐adherence to public health instructions during theCOVID‐19 pandemic

Pollak

Dayan

Shoham

et al. 2020

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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In response to the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, states have introduced public health measures to limit community transmission of the disease. These measures include public instructions regarding home isolation and quarantine, personal hygiene, restrictions on gathering and traveling, and social distancing. The instructions' efficacy in limiting the spread of the pandemic depends on public adherence to them. Despite the potentially harmful consequences for individuals and public health, nonadherence to the instructions (non-AtI) for the COVID-19 pandemic has been frequent. 1,2 The objective of this study was to identify predictors of non-adherence. The hypothesized predictors were chosen based on the clinical literature regarding risk factors for non-adherence to medical instructions 3 and engagement in risk-taking behavior. 4 These included demographic factors (e.g., male sex), health and personality factors (e.g., psychological distress, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] symptoms, low levels of pro-sociality, past risk-taking behavior), and perceptions regarding COVID-19 risk and instruction-related variables (e.g., exposure to the instructions). This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Seymour Fox School of Education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The

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confidence: 99%

Predictors of non‐adherence to public health instructions during theCOVID‐19 pandemic

Pollak

Dayan

Shoham

et al. 2020

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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“…9 Past risk-taking behavior was measured by the Adult Risk Taking Inventory. 10 Perceptions regarding COVID-19 risk and the efficacy of instructions in reducing this risk were measured by scales created for the purpose of this study: the Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Scale and the Perceived Efficacy of the Ministry of Health Instructions Scale. For detailed description of the measures, see the supplementary materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

Predictors of adherence to public health instructions during the COVID-19 pandemic

Pollak

Dayan

Shoham³

et al. 2020

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Question What factors are associated with non-adherence to public health instructions during COVID-19? FindingsIn a cross-sectional study of 654 Israeli participants, non-adherence to instructions was associated with male gender, not having children, smoking, high levels of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, low level of pro-sociality, and high levels of past risk-taking behavior, as well as by current high psychological distress, high perceived risk of the COVID-19, high exposure to the instructions, and high perceived efficacy of the instructions.Meaning The findings suggest that in setting out and communicating public health instructions, policymakers should consider the above sociodemographic, health-related, risk-related, and instructionrelated characteristics. Abstract Importance: Identifying risk factors for adherence to public health instructions for the COVID-19 pandemic may be crucial for controlling the rate of transmission and the pandemic's health and economic impacts.Setting: Population-based study.Participants: A convenience sample completed an online survey.Exposures: Sociodemographic, health-related, risk-related, and instruction-related characteristics of the participants that have been linked to adherence to medical instructions.Main Outcome and Measure: Non-adherence to instructions defined by a mean score of less than 4 on a 1 to 5 adherence scale consisting of 19 instruction items. Results: Among 654 participants (413 [64.8%] female, age 40.14 [15.23] years), 28.7% were defined as non-adherents. Non-adherence was associated with male gender [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.54, CI 1.03-2.31], not having children [aOR = 1.73, 1.13-2.65], smoking [aOR = 2 .27, CI 1.42-3.62], high levels of ADHD symptoms [aOR = 1.55, CI 1.07-2.25], high levels of past risk-taking behavior [aOR = 1.41, CI 1.10-1.81], as well as by current high psychological distress [aOR = 1.51, CI 1.14-2.01], low perceived risk of COVID-19 [aOR = 1.52, CI 1.22-1.89], low exposure to the instructions [aOR = 1.45, CI 1.14-1.82], and low perceived efficacy of the instructions [aOR = 1.47, CI 1.16-1.85]. Adjusted OR of age, economic status, physical health status, and exposure to media did not reach the significance level. Conclusions and RelevancePeople with the above characteristics may have increased risk for nonadherence to public health instructions. There appears to be a need for setting out and communicating instructions to specifically targeted at-risk populations.

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“…Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral condition caused by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors affecting brain networks and leading to a broad range of impairments that interfere with functioning and development [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Although ADHD was initially considered to be a childhood-onset condition with limited effect on the adult, the symptoms associated with ADHD are increasingly observed in adults [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention Networks in ADHD Adults after Working Memory Training with a Dual n-Back Task

et al. 2020

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Patients affected by Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are characterized by impaired executive functioning and/or attention deficits. Our study aim is to determine whether the outcomes measured by the Attention Network Task (ANT), i.e., the reaction times (RTs) to specific target and cue conditions and alerting, orienting, and conflict (or executive control) effects are affected by cognitive training with a Dual n-back task. We considered three groups of young adult participants: ADHD patients without medication (ADHD), ADHD with medication (MADHD), and age/education-matched controls. Working memory training consisted of a daily practice of 20 blocks of Dual n-back task (approximately 30 min per day) for 20 days within one month. Participants of each group were randomly assigned into two subgroups, the first one with an adaptive mode of difficulty (adaptive training), while the second was blocked at the level 1 during the whole training phase (1-back task, baseline training). Alerting and orienting effects were not modified by working memory training. The dimensional analysis showed that after baseline training, the lesser the severity of the hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, the larger the improvement of reaction times on trials with high executive control/conflict demand (i.e., what is called Conflict Effect), irrespective of the participants’ group. In the categorical analysis, we observed the improvement in such Conflict Effect after the adaptive training in adult ADHD patients irrespective of their medication, but not in controls. The ex-Gaussian analysis of RT and RT variability showed that the improvement in the Conflict Effect correlated with a decrease in the proportion of extreme slow responses. The Dual n-back task in the adaptive mode offers as a promising candidate for a cognitive remediation of adult ADHD patients without pharmaceutical medication.

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ADHD Is Associated With a Widespread Pattern of Risky Behavior Across Activity Domains

Cited by 33 publications

References 41 publications

Predictors of non‐adherence to public health instructions during theCOVID‐19 pandemic

Predictors of non‐adherence to public health instructions during theCOVID‐19 pandemic

Predictors of adherence to public health instructions during the COVID-19 pandemic

Attention Networks in ADHD Adults after Working Memory Training with a Dual n-Back Task

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