Adhesion Characteristics of Phenol Formaldehyde Pre-Preg Oil Palm Stem Veneers

Wahab, Nor Hafizah Ab.; Tahir, Paridah Md.; Hoong, Yeoh Beng; Ashaari, Zaidon; Yunus, Nor Yuziah Mohd; Uyup, Mohd Khairun Anwar; Shahri, Mohd Hamami

doi:10.15376/biores.7.4.4545-4562

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The initial and equilibrium contact angles of HPFA on pine wood were 63.5° and 21.5°, respectively (see Figure 5 ). This equilibrium contact angle is relative low as compared with the equilibrium contact angles (e.g., 30°–70°) of commercial PF adhesive used for wood adhesion [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. This low equilibrium contact angle indicates a desirable wettability of HPFA for the adhesion of pine wood.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Synthesis of Humin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive

Kang

Zhang

et al. 2017

Polymers

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Abstract:Humins are low-value-added byproducts from the biomass acid hydrolysis process. In the present work, humins were first employed as a phenol replacement for synthesis of modified phenol-formaldehyde adhesives through a two-step process. In this process, humins were first utilized to obtain alkaline soluble products, mainly consisting of phenolics, through a hydrothermal process. The obtained alkaline soluble products then reacted with phenol and formaldehyde to produce humin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesive (HPFA). The physicochemical properties of HPFA, including viscosity, bonding strength, pH, free formaldehyde level, free phenol level and solid content, met the requirements of the GB/T 14732-2006 Chinese National Standard.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Synthesis of Humin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive

Kang

Zhang

et al. 2017

Polymers

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“…The initial decrease in peak cure temperatures (Tp) and subsequent energy of activation (E) of the resin cure reactions, on incorporation of bio-oil, may be attributed to increase in molecular weights (Mw) of the BPF resins (Shahid et al 2014). It is generally believed that lower activation energy is needed for high Mw resins to cure (Park et al 1998;Anwar et al 2009;Wahab et al 2012), meaning thereby that high Mw resins would cure at low temperatures. The initial decrease in curing temperature and the E may be also be attributed to promotional catalytic effect of lingo-cellulosic derivatives present in the bio-oil on the cure reaction, as reported by some other studies (Vázquez et al 2002;Turunen et al 2003;Khan et al 2004;Lei and Wu 2006;Wang et al 2009a;Hu et al 2013).…”

Section: Thermal Cure Kinetics Of the Synthesized Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure Kinetics, Bonding Performance, Thermal Degradation, and Biocidal Studies of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Crude Bio-oil Prepared from Ziziphus mauritiana Endocarps

2014

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Crude bio-oil, extracted from endocarp bio-waste of Ziziphus mauritiana by direct liquefaction (ethanol-water 1:1 w/w; 300 °C), was used to replace petro-phenol (30% to 75% w/w) in the development of bio-oilphenol formaldehyde (BPF) resol resins. Cure kinetics of the BPF resins were studied by the DSC method, while the thermal degradation was studied by the TGA method. Bonding performance of the BPF resins was measured by single lap-shear method, while biocidal properties were investigated by antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) test. The DSC studies revealed that beyond 45% bio-oil incorporation (BOI), the curing process of the BPF resins got deferred. The TGA studies showed that BOI decreased the thermal stability of the BPF resins by lowering the decomposition temperatures and the char residue. The measured values of antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) revealed that incorporation of bio-oil enhanced the fungal and termite resistance of the resins. From data of thermal cure, bonding strength, thermal stability, and biocidal properties of the BPF resins it appears that petro-phenol could be substituted by up to 45% w/w of crude bio-oil safely in the development of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde resol resins.

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“…The high amount of vascular bundles means more cell wall to be bulked which explained the result to higher amount of WPG. The parameters influencing the achievable weight percent gain and the improvement of material properties are catalyst, molecular weight, temperature, time and wood species were reported by those researchers [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Resin Uptake and Weight Percent Gain (Wpg)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development a new method for pilot scale production of high grade oil palm plywood: Effect of hot-pressing time

Hoong

Tahir

2013

Materials & Design

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a b s t r a c tThe main objective in this study were to investigate the physical properties, mechanical properties and bonding qualities of oil palm stem (OPS) plywood pre-preg using low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde (LmwPF). The properties evaluated were physical properties (resin uptake, weight percent gain), mechanical properties (bending strength) and bonding qualities (dry test, WPB test). The results showed that, the physical properties of OPS plywood were significant at resin concentration and veneer moisture content. Moreover, the mechanical properties and bonding performance of the pre-preg OPS plywood were influenced by the pressing time. The high grade OPS plywood with improved at least 227% MOR and 348% MOE compared to commercial OPS plywood, with greater in MOR (31%) and MOE (12%) higher compared than the commercial tropical mix light hardwood (MLHW) plywood. All the shear strength of pre-preg OPS plywood panel were achieved with their minimum requirements and satisfied all the specific testing based on the standard European Norms EN 314-1 and EN 314-2 for the interior and exterior application purposes. The output of this pilot scale study proved that high performance OPS plywood could produced through pre-preg enhancement method in the current plywood mills in which provides broader area of applications compared with conventional OPS plywood. For instant, the pre-preg OPS plywood which is suitable for structural application, concrete formwork, heavy duty interior structuring board, load bearing plywood, marine grade plywood, was obtained, thus consequently increases the price of OPS plywood panels.

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Adhesion Characteristics of Phenol Formaldehyde Pre-Preg Oil Palm Stem Veneers

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Synthesis of Humin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive

Synthesis of Humin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive

Cure Kinetics, Bonding Performance, Thermal Degradation, and Biocidal Studies of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Crude Bio-oil Prepared from Ziziphus mauritiana Endocarps

Development a new method for pilot scale production of high grade oil palm plywood: Effect of hot-pressing time

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