Adhesion of Marine Fouling Organisms on Hydrophilic and Amphiphilic Polysaccharides

Abstract

Polysaccharides are a promising material for nonfouling surfaces because their chemical composition makes them highly hydrophilic and able to form water-storing hydrogels. Here we investigated the nonfouling properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) against marine fouling organisms. Additionally, the free carboxyl groups of HA and CS were postmodified with the hydrophobic trifluoroethylamine (TFEA) to block free carboxyl groups and render the surfaces amphiphilic. All coatings were tested with respect to their protein resistance and against settlement and adhesion of different marine fouling species. Both the settlement and adhesion strength of a marine bacterium (Cobetia marina), zoospores of the seaweed Ulva linza, and cells of a diatom (Navicula incerta) were reduced compared to glass control surfaces. In most cases, TFEA capping increased or maintained the performance of the HA coatings, whereas for the very well performing CS coatings the antifouling performance was reduced after capping.

Surface anchored metal-organic frameworks as stimulus responsive antifouling coatings

“…These ions are toxic to microorganisms [28]. These results are supported by adhesion experiments that show a strong reduction in adhesion of Cobetia marina to SURFMOF-coated substrates, reaching the low levels typically observed for inert surfaces such as polyethylene glycol or hyaluronans [11,25].…”

“…Microfluidic detachment assays were performed on Cu-SURMOF 2 (15 layers and 10 layers, respectively) and on hexadecanethiol (HDT) and mercaptohexadecanoid acid (MHDA) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as copper-free controls. Additionally, two types of surfaces with known low adhesion strength were included, polyethylene glycol (PEG) [11] and hyaluronic acid (HA) [25]. Both surfaces are known for their protein and cell resistance; thus, they provide a suitable control as typical inert surfaces.…”

Multifunctional biomaterial coatings: synthetic challenges and biological activity

“…The anti-coagulative property of heparin is especially useful for vascular materials (Begovac et al, 2003;Liu et al, 2014b). Beside bioactive functions, GAGs exhibit non-fouling properties and are therefore a natural alternative to PEG (Xu et al, 2011;Bauer et al, 2013). The introduction of GAGs to multifunctional coatings is mainly realized in a nonspecific manner.…”

“…Hydroxyl groups on the surface are modified with an alkoxysilane such as (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), which introduces amino groups. Subsequently, the surface can be modified directly or a crosslinker can be used to enable the immobilization of thiol-containing biomolecules, as shown in Figure 2 (Bauer et al, 2013;Godoy-Gallardo et al, 2014). This covalent strategy is, however, associated with downsides as complex and sensitive surface treatment and potential hydrolysis of the siloxane bond, which would result in a release of the bioactive moiety (Aissaoui et al, 2012).…”

Multipurpose Antifouling Coating of Solid Surfaces with the Marine‐Derived Polymer Fucoidan

“…The control of biofouling, the nonspecific fouling of bioentities, such as proteins, bacteria, mammalian cells, and (micro)algae, is a central issue in the biomedical and marine industries because unwanted adsorption of bioentities on artificial surfaces can cause biomedical devices to malfunction or increase fuel consumption in marine vessels . Many attempts have been made to develop antifouling materials, and as a result, various types of antifouling materials, including polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysaccharides, zwitterionic polymers, and fluorinated polymers, have been successfully developed. In addition to the abovementioned single‐component materials, multi‐component materials have been designed and synthesized as highly efficient antifouling materials .…”