Adicciones en el adolescente. Prevención y atención desde un enfoque holístico

Abordaje de los estilos de crianza como herramienta para el médico familiar durante la atención del adolescente

“…The importance of parental relationship has been demonstrated for the development and psychological adjustment of children and adolescents; the parenting styles perceived by the child can affect his or her self-esteem and perception of self-efficacy, which during adolescence are determining factors in achieving developmental tasks such as adjusting to the changes of puberty and growth and adapting to his or her own body, acceptance that is reflected in positive self-esteem; adjusting to the stream of new thoughts that sexual maturation gives rise to; learning the appropriate sexual roles in order to prepare for life as a couple and family life. 26,27 A favorable parenting style influences the achievement of independence from parents or other caregivers; this style also influences the establishment of effective social and working relationships with same-sex and opposite-sex peers (skills and competencies); preparation for meaningful vocational and occupational choices and economic…”

“…It also enables them to develop and rescue a system of values and ideals; as well as the formation of their own identity. 9,26,27 The absence of rules, lack of control over adolescent behavior and lack of affectivity are factors that favor delinquent and risky behavior, poor academic performance, behavioral and emotional or personality problems. 6,17,28 Similarities are also observed with respect to the values of the associations, in which the variables of autonomy, communication and behavioral control present positive relationships with the indicators of selfesteem, resilience and socioemotional competencies, and negative relationships with variables such as imposition and psychological control.…”

“…An increase in alcohol consumption of 9% has been observed in the fifteen-year-old population, with an increase in consumption among women; in addition, 50% of violent actions, 35% of traffic accidents, 30% of work accidents and 77% of suicides are related to alcohol consumption. 27,36 Family variables can function as risk factors for substance use, including inadequate parental supervision, dysfunctional family structure, lack of family cohesion, inadequate affective climate with conflicts, emotional inexpression, repression, rigid, lax or chaotic family educational style, as well as drug use by family members or family pressure to use drugs. Family protective factors to counteract these behaviors are parental disapproval of substance use, family intervention and parental monitoring .4,18,35 As for the parenting styles associated with these problems, the authoritarian or permissive style increases the risk of alcohol consumption, smoking and other addictions, as well as poor school performance.…”

Abordaje de los estilos de crianza como herramienta para el médico familiar durante la atención del adolescente

“…autoestima positiva; ajuste a la corriente de pensamientos nuevos a que da lugar la maduración sexual; aprender los papeles sexuales adecuados a fin de prepararse para la vida en pareja y la vida familiar. 26,27 Un estilo de crianza favorable influye en el logro de su independencia respecto de los padres o de otras personas que se encargan de él o ella; dicho estilo también influye en el establecimiento de relaciones sociales efectivas y de trabajo con los iguales del mismo sexo y del opuesto (habilidades y competencias); en la preparación para una elección vocacional y ocupacional que tenga sentido y les permita una independencia económica. También les posibilita desarrollar y rescatar un sistema de valores e ideales; así como la formación de su propia identidad.…”

Conductas sexuales de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios

“…Como consecuencia cada año a nivel mundial, se dan como mínimo 100 millones de infecciones de transmisión sexual entre los jóvenes y adolescentes, de tal forma que se registran más de 2,5 millones de abortos peligrosos (2). En un estudio llevado a cabo en nueve ciudades europeas por la revista "BMC Pública Health" refiere que los adolescentes y jóvenes ingieren alcohol, cocaína, éxtasis o marihuana para incrementar la excitación sexual entre sus pares (9) . Según investigaciones en América Latina y el Caribe, aproximadamente 50% de los jóvenes menores de 17 años ya son sexualmente activos (10) y en el Perú nuestros jóvenes y adolescentes no se alejan de la realidad europea (11) .…”