Adipose endothelial cells mastering adipose tissues metabolic fate

Abstract

Dynamic communication within adipose tissue depends on highly vascularized structural characteristics to maintain systemic metabolic homoeostasis. Recently, it has been noted that adipose endothelial cells (AdECs) act as essential bridges for biological information transmission between adipose-resident cells. Hence, paracrine regulators that mediate crosstalk between AdECs and adipose stromal cells were summarized. We also highlight the importance of AdECs to maintain adipocytes metabolic homoeostasis by regulating insulin sensitivity, lipid turnover and plasticity. The differential regulation of AdECs in adipose plasticity often depends on vascular density and metabolic states. Although choosing pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic therapies for obesity is still a matter of debate in clinical settings, the growing numbers of drugs have been confirmed to play an anti-obesity effect by affecting vascularization. Pharmacologic angiogenesis intervention has great potential as therapeutic strategies for obesity.

Deletion of endothelial leptin receptors in mice promotes diet-induced obesity

“…In those mice, we observed a more pronounced visceral adiposity in response to high-fat diet feeding. This and other recent experimental evidence suggest that endothelial cells not only to respond to obesity, but also may play an active role in whole body energy homeostasis and the development of obesity 13 – 15 . However, few studies have examined this concept, and the mechanisms and mediators are only beginning to emerge 16 .…”

The subcutaneous adipose transcriptome identifies a molecular signature of insulin resistance shared with visceral adipose

“…In addition, there is emerging evidence in this paradigm that multiple cell types play a role in IR beyond tissue macrophages [7]. Indeed, adipocyte function can be modulated by paracrine and endocrine factors (e.g., endothelial, stromal, and adaptive/innate immune cells) [13,28] including proteins, noncoding RNA, and extracellular vesicle cargo [29], leading to the potential for important bidirectional effects on fat beiging, inflammation, and lipolysis [30].…”