Adjustment of Whey:Casein Ratio from 20:80 to 60:40 in Milk Formulation Affects Food Intake and Brainstem and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activation and Gene Expression in Laboratory Mice

Wood, Erin; Christian, David; Arafat, Mohammed; McColl, Laura K.; Prosser, Colin G.; Carpenter, Elizabeth; Levine, Allen S.; Klockars, Anica; Olszewski, Pawel K.

doi:10.3390/foods10030658

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Similarly, as the casein portion increased in milk protein from 20% to 100%, solid curd was easily formed in simulated gastric conditions ( Mulet-Cabero et al, 2020 ). Recently, Wood et al (2021) reported that modification of goat milk-based protein formulation from 80:20 to 40:60 influenced food intake and hypothalamic neuronal activation in mice. In addition, modification of the casein:whey protein (CW) ratio to 40:60 reduced the allergenic potential compared to natural cow’s milk ( Lara-Villoslada et al, 2005 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Modified Casein to Whey Protein Ratio on Dispersion Stability, Protein Quality and Body Composition in Rats

Jeong

Park

Kim

et al. 2021

Food Sci Anim Resour

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The present study was designed to investigate the effects of protein formula with different casein (C) to whey protein (W) ratios on dispersion stability, protein quality and body composition in rats. Modification of the casein to whey protein (CW) ratio affected the extent of protein aggregation, and heated CW-2:8 showed a significantly increased larger particle (>100 μm) size distribution. The largest protein aggregates were formed by whey protein self-aggregation. There were no significant differences in protein aggregation when the CW ratios changed from 10:0 to 5:5. Based on the protein quality assessment (CW-10:0, CW-8:2, CW-5:5, and CW-2:8) for four weeks, CW-10:0 showed a significantly higher feed intake (p<0.05), but the high proportion of whey protein in the diet (CW-5:5 and CW-2:8) increased the feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and net protein ratio compared to other groups. Similarly, CW-2:8 showed greater true digestibility compared to other groups. No significant differences in fat mass and lean mass analyzed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were observed. A significant difference was found in the bone mineral density between the CW-10:0 and CW-2:8 groups (p<0.05), but no difference was observed among the other groups. Based on the results, CW-5:5 improved protein quality without causing protein instability problems in the dispersion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Modified Casein to Whey Protein Ratio on Dispersion Stability, Protein Quality and Body Composition in Rats

Jeong

Park

Kim

et al. 2021

Food Sci Anim Resour

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“…While the effect of whey:casein adjustment on single tastant intake bears some similarities between CM and (with what had been previously reported) GM [ 31 ], it cannot be directly compared. That is because the earlier report used shorter mealtimes and—in the post-deprivation feeding—utilized simultaneous presentation of GM and chow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The composition of the prepared solutions can be found in Table 1 . In addition to CM formulations, in Experiment Section 2.3.4 , we used equivalent whey:casein ratio GM-based formulations that had been previously tested in laboratory animal feeding trials [ 31 ]. All formula compositions follow Codex standard (CODEX STAN 72-1981; based on nutrients/energy value), which requires lactose to be within the range of 5.4–9.8 g/100 mL.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In earlier laboratory animal studies [ 35 ], we have found that GM is more preferred to CM. We have also reported that whey-adapted GM is consumed more avidly than the natural 20:80 GM formulation [ 31 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our recent mouse study, which was the first to directly examine how the 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein milk intake affects feeding and feeding-related neural mechanisms, the whey-adapted formulation was found to be overconsumed, and this avid consumption was associated with differences in brain activation in regions controlling appetite and in melanocortin mRNA levels [ 31 ]. Importantly, this initial study was carried out using goat’s milk, whose effects on numerous physiological parameters, from gastrointestinal to sensory to immune, is different from cow’s milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whey-Adapted versus Natural Cow’s Milk Formulation: Distinctive Feeding Responses and Post-Ingestive c-Fos Expression in Laboratory Mice

Wood

Gartner

Klockars

et al. 2022

Foods

Self Cite

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The natural 20:80 whey:casein ratio in cow’s milk (CM) for adults and infants is adjusted to reflect the 60:40 ratio of human milk, but the feeding and metabolic consequences of this adjustment have been understudied. In adult human subjects, the 60:40 CM differently affects glucose metabolism and hormone release than the 20:80 CM. In laboratory animals, whey-adapted goat’s milk is consumed in larger quantities. It is unknown whether whey enhancement of CM would have similar consequences on appetite and whether it would affect feeding-relevant brain regulatory mechanisms. In this set of studies utilizing laboratory mice, we found that the 60:40 CM was consumed more avidly than the 20:80 control formulation by animals motivated to eat by energy deprivation and by palatability (in the absence of hunger) and that this hyperphagia stemmed from prolongation of the meal. Furthermore, in two-bottle choice paradigms, whey-adapted CM was preferred against the natural 20:80 milk. The intake of the whey-adapted CM induced neuronal activation (assessed through analysis of c-Fos expression in neurons) in brain sites promoting satiation, but importantly, this activation was less pronounced than after ingestion of the natural 20:80 whey:casein CM. Activation of hypothalamic neurons synthesizing anorexigenic neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) was also less robust after the 60:40 CM intake than after the 20:80 CM. Pharmacological blockade of the OT receptor in mice led to an increase in the consumption only of the 20:80 CM, thus, of the milk that induced greater activation of OT neurons. We conclude that the whey-adapted CM is overconsumed compared to the natural 20:80 CM and that this overconsumption is associated with weakened responsiveness of central networks involved in satiety signalling, including OT.

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Mice Regulate Dietary Amino Acid Balance and Energy Intake by Selecting between Complementary Protein Sources

Zaman,

Mun,

Solon-Biet

et al. 2024

The Journal of Nutrition

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Adjustment of Whey:Casein Ratio from 20:80 to 60:40 in Milk Formulation Affects Food Intake and Brainstem and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activation and Gene Expression in Laboratory Mice

Cited by 10 publications

References 65 publications

Effect of Modified Casein to Whey Protein Ratio on Dispersion Stability, Protein Quality and Body Composition in Rats

Effect of Modified Casein to Whey Protein Ratio on Dispersion Stability, Protein Quality and Body Composition in Rats

Whey-Adapted versus Natural Cow’s Milk Formulation: Distinctive Feeding Responses and Post-Ingestive c-Fos Expression in Laboratory Mice

Mice Regulate Dietary Amino Acid Balance and Energy Intake by Selecting between Complementary Protein Sources

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