Adjuvanted influenza-H1N1 vaccination reveals lymphoid signatures of age-dependent early responses and of clinical adverse events

Abstract

Adjuvanted vaccines afford invaluable protection against disease, and the molecular and cellular changes they induce offer direct insight into human immunobiology. Here we show that within 24 h of receiving adjuvanted swine flu vaccine, healthy individuals made expansive, complex molecular and cellular responses that included overt lymphoid as well as myeloid contributions. Unexpectedly, this early response was subtly but significantly different in people older than ∼35 years. Wide-ranging adverse clinical events can seriously confound vaccine adoption, but whether there are immunological correlates of these is unknown. Here we identify a molecular signature of adverse events that was commonly associated with an existing B cell phenotype. Thus immunophenotypic variation among healthy humans may be manifest in complex pathophysiological responses.

Rapid changes in serum cytokines and chemokines in response to inactivated influenza vaccination

“…Nonetheless, despite the exploratory nature of this study, our findings are largely in agreement with other studies. For example, our observation that serum IFN‐γ and IP‐10 (CXCL10) levels were both elevated 1 day after vaccination was also reported in volunteers given a monovalent 2009 H1N1 vaccine 18. In that study, IP‐10 was the only soluble marker associated with adverse events.…”

“…Several recent studies have focused on characterizing the early phase of the immune response in the first days (days 1‐3) after influenza vaccination 17, 18, 19. RNA‐seq profiling identified gene expression patterns predictive of immunogenicity17 and adverse events 18.…”

“…RNA‐seq profiling identified gene expression patterns predictive of immunogenicity17 and adverse events 18. Meanwhile, another report identified a correlation between injection site soreness and serum cytokines 1‐2 days after receiving TIV in healthy pregnant and non‐pregnant women 19…”

“…Recently, systems biology approaches have been used to prospectively explore the molecular determinants of influenza vaccine responses including efficacy and/or adverse events 17, 18. Although different vaccines were used, both of these studies identified early immune gene expression signatures (1‐3 days after immunization) which predicted immunogenicity17 and the onset of clinical adverse events 18…”

“…Although different vaccines were used, both of these studies identified early immune gene expression signatures (1‐3 days after immunization) which predicted immunogenicity17 and the onset of clinical adverse events 18…”