Adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines and perpetual viral metamorphosis: The importance of cross-protection

Immunogenicity, Boostability, and Sustainability of the Immune Response after Vaccination against Influenza A Virus (H1N1) 2009 in a Healthy Population

“…Although the mechanisms underlying sex-specific differences in immune development are poorly understood, women have higher absolute CD4 ϩ lymphocyte count and production of TH1 cytokines after immunization, as well as more sustained responses to antigenic challenge (9)(10)(11)31). The absence of this difference in antibody response between men and women may be due to the use of MF59 as an adjuvant in the vaccine, which is known to enhance the immune response (2,23,24,30).…”

“…In the Netherlands, clinics used the 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1) monovalent MF59-adjuvanted vaccine (Focetria; Novartis), an inactivated influenza virus vaccine containing the influenza virus A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)v-like strain (X-179A) and the adjuvant MF59. MF59, an oil-in-water emulsion, is an adjuvant developed to improve the performance of vaccines in general (2) and has been shown to improve immune response to seasonal influenza virus vaccines in adults as well as in children (24,30). The aim of this study was to measure the humoral immunity before and after vaccination with the 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1) monovalent MF59-adjuvanted vaccine and to examine the duration of the immune response.…”

Head-to-head comparison of an intradermal and a virosome influenza vaccine in patients over the age of 60

“…[7][8][9][10][11] Finally, another aspect that heavily affects influenza vaccine diffusion and uptake is its sub-optimal tolerability and acceptability. A well-established barrier to influenza immunization is a general lack of patient acceptance of traditional intramuscular vaccination: recent studies have demonstrated that the most common reasons for missing previous vaccinations are fear of adverse events, bothered by pain during injection and dislike for injections or needles, and that other ways of vaccine administration were considered to be an encouraging alternative to implement vaccination against influenza.…”

Adjuvants and alternative routes of administration towards the development of the ideal influenza vaccine

“…The results, consistent with other findings from our research group, collected over the last decade, confirm that the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine elicits a stronger immune response than non-adjuvanted vaccines against homologous strains. When the immune response was evaluated against drifted strains, however, the immunogenicity profile of the two vaccines differed considerably, 18 being higher in subjects immunized with the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine.…”

“…9 Despite the widespread use of these products, which have significantly contributed to reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with influenza worldwide, conventional non-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccines (TIVs) have also shown some limitations, mainly in terms of immunogenicity in some target-groups of the population, particularly in the elderly and in patients affected with severe diseases or immunocompromized for any reason, for whom immunization is highly recommended, but also in terms of lack of crossprotection against drifted influenza strains. 7,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] For this reason, the efficacy of conventional vaccines, in the elderly, is lower than in healthy adults (~70-90%):…”