Adjuvants and alternative routes of administration towards the development of the ideal influenza vaccine

Longitudinal and Integrative Biomodeling of Effector and Memory Immune Compartments after Inactivated Influenza Vaccination

“…The presence of adjuvant might shape the immunity toward the humoral responses (31). In addition, the route of administration will also impact the immunological outcomes (32,33). In accordance, we also observed increased serum avidity directed against A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine and increased influenzaspecific neutralizing Abs.…”

Intanza®9 µg intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine for adults 18 to 59 years of age

“…The immunogenicity of vaccines delivered via the ID route is thought to be enhanced by the high density of dermal dendritic cells in the skin and by efficient lymphatic drainage via the skin's rich microvascular network. 38,39 Current understanding of the cellular response to intradermal vaccination was summarized in a 2011 review by Combadiere and Liard. 40 Following injection into the skin, resident antigenpresenting cells, especially epidermal keratinocytes, Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, capture and are activated by vaccine antigens, leading to their migration through the dermis and eventually to the draining lymph nodes.…”

Immunogenicity of intramuscular MF59-adjuvanted and intradermal administered influenza enhanced vaccines in subjects aged over 60: A literature review

“…25 Clearly, the immune response induced by intradermal antigen delivery is generated by a mechanism which markedly differs from that of the intramuscular route. 7,9 The deep muscle is relatively inefficient in capturing antigens by immune cells, and only circulating DCs are able to capture antigens and migrate to regional lymph nodes via the lymphatic conduits or bloodstream. Vaccine antigens delivered to the skin are more likely to be captured by resident APCs, such as Langherans cells and dermal DCs, and transported to the draining lymph nodes for B cells to respond.…”

“…Several strategies have been proposed to address the need for vaccines offering enhanced protection against homologous and drifted strains, including addition of adjuvants, use of increased dosages, multiple dose vaccination, and use of alternative and more efficient routes of antigen delivery. [7][8][9] Although most of these preparations did not meet the approval criteria or did not reach the market, 2 of these that showed higher immunogenicity and an acceptable safety profile, MF59-adjuvanted vaccine Fluad Ò , Novartis Vaccines and the ID vaccine Intanza 15mcg Ò , Sanofi Pasteur MSD SNC, were approved for the elderly population.…”