Administration Time Significantly Affects Plasma Bioavailability of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Extract in Healthy and Obese Fischer 344 Rats

Abstract

Scope: Phenolic compounds are bioactive molecules that are associated with several health benefits. Metabolization and absorption are the main determinants of their bioavailability and bioactivity. Thus, the study of the factors that modulate these processes, such as sex or diet is essential. Recently, it has been shown that biological rhythms may also play a key role. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate if the bioavailability of a grape proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is affected by the administration time in an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods and Results: Female and male Fischer 344 rats are fed either a standard or a cafeteria diet (CAF) for 9 weeks, and an oral dose of GSPE (25 mg kg −1 ) is daily administered either at 8:00 am (zeitgeber time (ZT)-0) or at 8:00 pm (ZT-12) during the last 4 weeks. Plasma phenolic compounds are then quantified by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Phase-II and gut microbiota-derived phenolic metabolites are affected by ZT in all conditions or only in obese rats, respectively. CAF feeding affected the bioavailability of phenolic acids and free flavan-3-ols. Differences due to sex are also observed. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that ZT, diet, and sex are key factors influencing phenolic compounds bioavailability.

Gut Microbiota Influences the Photoperiod Effects on Proanthocyanidins Bioavailability in Diet‐Induced Obese Rats

“…The chemical and reagents used in the current study had been previously reported by our group. [ 30 ] Briefly, acetone, acetonitrile, phosphoric acid (Sigma–Aldrich, Madrid, Spain), glacial acetic acid (Panreac, Barcelona, Spain), and methanol (Scharlab S.L., Barcelona, Spain) were all of HPLC analytical grade. Ultrapure water was obtained from a MilliQ Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Madrid, Spain).…”

“…A microsolid-phase extraction (μSPE) was carried out, as it was previously reported by our group, [30,37] in order to eliminate interferences and quantify the GSPE-derived metabolites. Briefly, the microcartridges were sequentially conditioned with 250 μL of methanol and 250 μL of 0.2% acetic acid.…”

“…Optimized MRM conditions for the analysis were performed as previously reported for the quantification of phase-II and microbial flavan-3-ols metabolites in plasma. [30,37]…”

Is There a Utility of Chrono‐Specific Diets in Improving Cardiometabolic Health?

“…[ 98 ] While it is still unknown how these contrasting changes may translate to physiological outcomes, another recent study also noted that GSPE administered in rats at the start of the rest phase exhibited higher bioavailability as compared to the active phase. [ 99 ] Hironao et al. [ 100 ] also reported that cacao procyanidin extract administered only at the start of the rest phase exerted protective effects against postprandial hyperglycemia in mice.…”

Do You Have Problems When Reproducing Bioactivities of Food or Food Components? The Importance of Biological Rhythms

“…In this regard, some studies have already shown that phenolic compounds from grape seed extract (GSPE), only when administered at night, enhanced the energy profile and improved mitochondrial function and oxidation in the liver in diet-obese male Fischer 344 rats [ 5 ]. Interestingly, in these animals, the bioavailability of the phenolic compounds of this extract was dependent on the moment of administration, increasing the amount of some microbial metabolites when administered at night [ 6 ]. Unfortunately, there are not many studies that focus on the evaluation of the impact on the consumption of bioactive compounds under different photoperiods.…”