“…However, in 1999, as East Timor voted to secede and civil war intensified in Aceh, the government rushed through a ‘big bang’ decentralisation reform, allocating, mainly on an unconditional basis, about one‐third of the national government's budget to the kabupaten , which were then also able to elect their own governments. Because the decentralisation was so hasty, and implemented by a national government grappling with the biggest economic and political crisis in the country's history, the reform could be judged either a success, as it achieved the aim of maintaining the nation‐state (Mietzner, ), or one that had limited tangible effects other than enriching local elites (Sjahrir et al ., ). Certainly there is little evidence to date of improved local service quality (Lewis, ).…”