Adolescent Cognitive Aptitudes and Later-in-Life Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders

Huang, Alison; Strombotne, Kiersten L.; Horner, Elizabeth Mokyr; Lapham, Susan

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1726

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…An even larger study (n=85,763) used a nationally representative sample of US-American high school students who took cognitive aptitude tests at the age of 14 to 18 and identified those who developed ADRD via Medicare records (a nationwide US health insurance program for people aged 65 and older) (42). The results indicate that lower intelligence in the teenage years was associated with a higher risk to develop ADRD (men OR 1.17, women OR 1.17).…”

Section: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (Adrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review on the Impact of Intelligence on Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk

Rodriguez

Lachmann

2020

Front. Psychiatry

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Background: Previous studies have shown that an intellectually stimulating lifestyle is associated with a lower risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). It is unclear so far whether higher intelligence may protect against this. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the association between intelligence and cognitive decline and ADRD risk. Methods: We searched the PubMed, web of science, and Scopus databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) criteria. Quality of evidence was assessed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklists. Results: From an initial n=8,371 search hits, n= 14 studies met the inclusion criteria and had sufficient quality. Evidence indicates that cognitive decline in old age is not significantly associated with childhood intelligence (n=9). Evidence with regard to ADRD risk is inconclusive (n=5) with some studies showing no effects and other studies with significant effects having limitations in their design. Conclusions: Even though the majority of the studies show no significant association, we cannot exclude a possible effect that might be moderated by other, so far unknown factors. Further studies are necessary to systematically assess the influence of intelligence on ADRD risk and what factors moderate this association.

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Section: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia (Adrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review on the Impact of Intelligence on Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk

Rodriguez

Lachmann

2020

Front. Psychiatry

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“…Regarding uncontrolled factors here and in other studies, future studies must rule out, for example, the possibility that genetic factors account for the timing of dementia. For example, variations in early cognitive ability level are generally deemed to have a substantial genetic basis, 27 and a higher cognitive level has been associated with lower dementia risk, 28,29 it could be that cognitive ability level is positively associated with working longer as well. Thus, further research considering a wider set of measures is needed to fully establish the causal link between the timing of retirement and dementia and, in such a case, what factors mediate this effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A nationwide Swedish study of age at retirement and dementia risk

Sundström

Rönnlund

Josefsson

2020

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Objectives The aim of this nationwide study was to examine the association between age at retirement and dementia risk, with a follow‐up period of up to 24 years. Methods/design This cohort study comprised Swedish citizens born in 1930 who were alive in the year 1990 (n = 63 505). The cohort was followed for incidents of dementia through data provided by the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register. Age at retirement and socioeconomic variables were retrieved from Statistics Sweden. Results During the follow‐up, 5181 individuals received a dementia diagnosis. Competing risk regression models, adjusted for sex, education, marital status, occupation, and previous history of cardiovascular diseases, showed that later‐than‐average retirement age was associated with decreased dementia risk. Conclusions The present results support the idea that individuals who retired at an older age have a decrease risk of dementia. However, as this was an observation study, unmeasured factors, such as premorbid cognitive level and genetic predisposition, may have influenced our findings and remains to be elucidated in future studies.

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“…We found two studies that looked at sex differences in the relationship of IQ to episodic memory performance in a sample of MCI and AD patients. Higher composite IQ scores and greater academic achievement during adolescence (i.e., high school) predicted lower incidence of AD in both women and men; the odds ratios were almost identical indicating that IQ benefits the sexes equally (Huang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Intelligence Quotient (Iq)mentioning

confidence: 90%

Sex differences in cognitive reserve: implications for Alzheimer’s Disease in women

Subramaniapillai¹,

Almey²,

Mn³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Women represent ⅔ of the cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current research has focused on differential risks to explain higher rates of AD in women. However, factors that reduce risk for AD, like cognitive reserve, are less well explored. We asked: what is known about sex differences in how cognitive reserve mitigates risk for AD? To address this, we conducted a narrative review of the literature. Keywords were: “sex/gender differences”, “cognitive/brain reserve”, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, and the following cognitive reserve contributors: “education”, “IQ”, “occupation”, “cognitive stimulation”, “bilingualism”, “socioeconomic status”, “physical activity”, “social support”. Fifteen papers disaggregated their data by sex. Those papers observed sex differences in cognitive reserve contributors. There is also evidence that a subset of women may have greater resistance to AD, possibly due to greater cognitive reserve. We discuss how traditional cognitive reserve contributors are gendered and may not capture factors that support cognition in aging women.

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Adolescent Cognitive Aptitudes and Later-in-Life Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders

Cited by 35 publications

References 37 publications

Systematic Review on the Impact of Intelligence on Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk

Systematic Review on the Impact of Intelligence on Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk

A nationwide Swedish study of age at retirement and dementia risk

Sex differences in cognitive reserve: implications for Alzheimer’s Disease in women

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