Adolescent mental health and earnings inequalities in adulthood: evidence from the Young-HUNT Study

Evensen, Miriam; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde; Melkevik, Ole; Reneflot, Anne; Mykletun, Arnstein

doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206939

Cited by 39 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Subsequent studies have confirmed that being currently diagnosed with any psychiatric condition is linked to a reduced probability of being employed or actively engaged in the labour market (Banerjee et al, 2015;Chatterji et al, 2011). Psychological problems during childhood have also been shown to forecast long-term economic outcomes including sustained reductions in income (Evensen et al, 2017;Goodman et al, 2011) and an elevated probability of unemployment (Egan et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Adolescent mental health and unemployment over the lifespan: Population evidence from Sweden

Mousteri

Daly

Delaney

et al. 2019

Social Science & Medicine

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Rationale: Symptoms of mental health problems have been shown to predict adverse labour market outcomes including unemployment, but no studies have used sibling models to examine the relationship between clinically diagnosed psychiatric conditions in adolescence and subsequent unemployment. Objective: This study used extensive Swedish registry data to investigate the link between psychiatric conditions diagnosed during military conscription and unemployment over two decades. Further, we identified whether this relation was amplified during an economic downturn and tested whether it was affected by adjustment for unobserved family characteristics using sibling fixed-effects models. Method: Psychiatric conditions were diagnosed by psychologists and psychiatrists at military conscription in sample of 929,191 Swedish men (mean age = 18.4 years) between 1969 and 1989. The average number of days unemployed per year was observed from 1992 to 2012, using the records of the Swedish Public Employment Services. Results: After adjustment for physical health and childhood socioeconomic status those diagnosed with any psychiatric condition experienced approximately an additional 10 days per year unemployment compared to others. Alcohol (16 days unemployment) and other substance use disorders (17 days) were the strongest predictors of exposure to future unemployment, followed by personality disorders (10 days), neurotic and adjustment conditions (nine days), and depressive disorders (six days). Family background factors accounted for approximately half of the observed relationship between mental health conditions and unemployment. Psychiatric conditions interacted with macroeconomic conditions such that those with pre-existing alcohol-related, and neurotic and adjustment disorders were disproportionately more likely to become unemployed following the 1990s crisis in Sweden. Conclusions: Adolescent mental health conditions forecast an elevated risk of unemployment, which endures over the life course and is amplified in times of economic uncertainty. Investment in youth mental health services and alcohol and substance use prevention programs may yield economic benefits by reducing unemployment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Adolescent mental health and unemployment over the lifespan: Population evidence from Sweden

Mousteri

Daly

Delaney

et al. 2019

Social Science & Medicine

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“…Adolescent boys with mental health problems report negative consequences such as poor psychological function, and low subjective wellbeing and self-esteem, poor social relationships and school problems (Derdikman-Eiron et al, 2012;Derdikman-Eiron et al, 2011). Mental CONTACT Marie Dahlen Granrud marie.granrud@inn.no health problems among adolescent boys may have serious long-term consequences such as dropping out of school (Hetlevik, Bøe, & Hysing, 2018) and higher education (Hjorth et al, 2016), which may lead to reduced earnings in adulthood (Evensen, Lyngstad, Melkevik, Reneflot, & Mykletun, 2017). Other consequences are an increased risk for substance abuse (Bakken, 2018), suicidal ideation (Taliaferro & Muehlenkamp, 2014) and, in the worst-case scenario, suicide (Wasserman et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming barriers to reach for a helping hand: adolescent boys’ experience of visiting the public health nurse for mental health problems

Granrud

Bisholt

Anderzén‐Carlsson

et al. 2020

International Journal of Adolescence and Youth

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Mental health problems among adolescents have become a public health issue in Norway. However, few adolescent boys seek help for their mental health problems. This study focus on adolescent boys' experiences related to visiting the public health nurse for mental health problems. Twelve adolescent boys were interviewed and qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data. The theme identified from the data was: overcoming barriers to reach for a helping hand. The theme consisted of four categories: the public health nurse must be accessible; breaking the norm is a prerequisite for the adolescent boys to talk about mental health problems; ensuring that confidentiality is respected; and the public health nurse is a trustworthy person who can open up for new perspectives. The adolescent boys experienced barriers to visiting the public health nurse. When they had crossed these barriers, the visit was experienced as positive.

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“…This may result in more externalising disorders, such as antisocial personality disorders and substance abuse or dependence among young men [50,51]. Young women, on the other hand, report more internalizing disorders such as depression [2] and anxiety [51][52][53].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Mental Distress and Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the apparent greater prevalence of mental distress among women and accompanying underlying mechanisms, studies show that externalizing behaviour, more common in men, may be more damaging in the long run, possibly affecting the ability to get a job and build a family later in life [51,52]. Thus, although levels of mental distress during adolescence and young adulthood are higher among women than among men, the long-term effects in today's society may be more severe for men.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Mental Distress and Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Distress Among Young Adults – Gender Differences in the Role of Social Support

Johansen

Espetvedt

Lyshol

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The aim of the present study was to examine to what extent observed gender differences in mental health are associated with the protective factors social support, sense of coherence and participation in regular physical activity and more generally, engagement in organized or unorganized activity with other people.Methods: This study was based upon a cross-sectional regional health survey in Norway, conducted during the winter 2015-2016, in three southern counties; Aust-Agder, Vest-Agder and Vestfold. The study focused on young adults, comparing three age groups; 18-24 years old (n=624), 25-31 (n=582), and 32-38 years old (n=795).Results: Sense of coherence was strongly associated with low mental distress in all age groups and for both genders, while the association with social support was highly significant for young women only. Regular physical activity was not positively associated with low mental distress when sense of coherence and social support were included in the analysis.Conclusion: Social support appears to have a stronger role as a protective factor for mental distress among young women, compared to young men and older persons. This has implications for health promoting activities that target young women. Sense of coherence showed a strong association with low mental distress scores for all ages studied.

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Adolescent mental health and earnings inequalities in adulthood: evidence from the Young-HUNT Study

Abstract: Adolescent mental health problems reduce adult earnings, especially among individuals in the lower tail of the earnings distribution. Preventing mental health problems in adolescence may increase future earnings.

Cited by 39 publications

References 35 publications

Adolescent mental health and unemployment over the lifespan: Population evidence from Sweden

Adolescent mental health and unemployment over the lifespan: Population evidence from Sweden

Overcoming barriers to reach for a helping hand: adolescent boys’ experience of visiting the public health nurse for mental health problems

Mental Distress Among Young Adults – Gender Differences in the Role of Social Support

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