Adrenal‐dependent leucopenia after short‐term exposure to various airborne irritants in rats

Brondeau, M. T.; Bonnet, Pierre; Guenier, J. P.; Simon, P.; Céaurriz, J. de

doi:10.1002/jat.2550100204

Cited by 27 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Brondeau et al (1990) found that exposure to airborne irritants (including formaldehyde) caused leukopenia at irritant levels (≥43 ppm for formaldehyde, in an exposure-dependent manner) over a 4-hour exposure, and that this effect was prevented by removal of the adrenal gland, suggesting a possible role for this gland in apparent hematological effects. Sari et al (2004) also found that relatively low concentrations (0.08, 0.4, and 2.0 ppm) of formaldehyde increased hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal (HPA) axis activity by increasing the numbers of both hypothala-mus corticotropin releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons and pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-immunoreactive cells in mice.…”

Section: Weight Of Evidence Regarding Hematotoxicity From Formaldementioning

confidence: 98%

Is exposure to formaldehyde in air causally associated with leukemia?—A hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence analysis

Rhomberg

Bailey

Goodman

et al. 2011

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Recent scientific debate has focused on the potential for inhaled formaldehyde to cause lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemias, in humans. The concern stems from certain epidemiology studies reporting an association, although particulars of endpoints and dosimetry are inconsistent across studies and several other studies show no such effects. Animal studies generally report neither hematotoxicity nor leukemia associated with formaldehyde inhalation, and hematotoxicity studies in humans are inconsistent. Formaldehyde's reactivity has been thought to preclude systemic exposure following inhalation, and its apparent inability to reach and affect the target tissues attacked by known leukemogens has, heretofore, led to skepticism regarding its potential to cause human lymphohematopoietic cancers. Recently, however, potential modes of action for formaldehyde leukemogenesis have been hypothesized, and it has been suggested that formaldehyde be identified as a known human leukemogen. In this article, we apply our hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence (HBWoE) approach to evaluate the large body of evidence regarding formaldehyde and leukemogenesis, attending to how human, animal, and mode-of-action results inform one another. We trace the logic of inference within and across all studies, and articulate how one could account for the suite of available observations under the various proposed hypotheses. Upon comparison of alternative proposals regarding what causal processes may have led to the array of observations as we see them, we conclude that the case fora causal association is weak and strains biological plausibility. Instead, apparent association between formaldehyde inhalation and leukemia in some human studies is better interpreted as due to chance or confounding.

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Section: Weight Of Evidence Regarding Hematotoxicity From Formaldementioning

confidence: 98%

Is exposure to formaldehyde in air causally associated with leukemia?—A hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence analysis

Rhomberg

Bailey

Goodman

et al. 2011

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…The reaction was stress-induced and mediated via the hyyophysis-adrenal axis. Thus, an acetic acid exposure of rats for 4 hrs at 135 pprn (330 mg/m3) had no effect on the WBC count, whereas high concentrations (450-598 ppm) gave rise to a concentration-dependent decrease (Brondeau et al, 1990).…”

Section: Acute Effects In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Indoor Air Guideline Levels for Formic, Acetic, Propionic and Butyric Acid

Nielsen¹,

Hansen²,

Andersen³

et al. 1998

Indoor Air

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Evaluation of sensory and health effects from indoor air exposures is hampered by the limited number of specific indoor air standards and guidelines. It is proposed that the evaluations be based on three values for each compound, an odour threshold, a value set for prevention of irritation of eyes and nose (sensory irritation) while all other non‐genotoxic effects (including lung effects) are included in the category “health effects” and evaluated by means of a single value. Finally, it is also evaluated whether the substance is a genotoxic carcinogen. Indoor air guideline values are proposed for formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid, based on published literature. For each substance the lowest of the proposed sensory irritation and health effect values was higher than, but otherwise in reasonable agreement with, established occupational exposure limits (OEL) multiplied by 1/40. This suggests that the OELs may play an important role in evaluations of the types of indoor air exposure effect mentioned.

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“…This finding was unexpected since benzyl chloride was not mentioned in any printery studied uncovered by our extensive literature review. It is classified by IARC as probably carcinogenic, and in rats exposure has been shown to cause leucopenia (Brondeau et al 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry

Alabdulhadi

Ramadan

Devey

et al. 2019

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This study reports on the occupational inhalation exposure to VOCs of workers in the Kuwaiti printing industry. Using the evacuated canister methodology, we targeted 72 VOCs in three printeries and compared the concentrations to previous reports and relevant occupational exposure levels (OELs). We found that recent efforts in the printing industry to reduce VOC usage had been successful, as concentrations of key hazardous VOCs were substantially lower than anticipated. On the other hand, nearly all target VOCs were found. Non-production areas were sampled along with the offset printing areas, another strength of this study, and revealed exposures to hazardous VOCs among administers and digital printer and CTP operators. Exposure to ototoxic VOCs amounted to 1-3% of the OEL, consisting mostly of ethylbenzene, which was likely in use in two of the study printeries. Exposure to carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic VOCs was 15-20% of the OEL at four locations across the three printeries, consisting mostly of vinyl chloride and benzyl chloride. Vinyl chloride VOC was partially sourced from outdoors, but was also likely used inside the study printeries. Interestingly, concentrations of vinyl chloride were similar in most sampling locations to that of CFC-114, a CFC banned by the Montreal Protocol and not commonly used as a refrigerant. This unexpected finding suggests further study is warranted to identify the use of these VOCs in printeries. Exposure to hazardous VOCs up to nearly 50% of the OEL, consisting largely of bromoform and vinyl chloride. Bromoform was found in all the study printeries, sourced partially from outdoor air. The higher concentrations found inside the study printeries likely resulted from the use of the desalinated water for washing. This finding raises of emissions from sources other than blanket washes, and inks, etc. adding to the total VOC load in printery indoor air. Implications: Results from this study indicate that efforts to reduce worker exposure to VOCs particularly dangerous to human health in recent years have been successful, but there is still much to be done to protect workers. Exposures to ototoxic and carcinogenic VOCs were identified, among both production and non-production workers. Unexpected findings included the apparent use in printing activities of the carcinogen vinyl chloride and CFC-114, banned under the Montreal Protocol. Observed lapses in safety procedures included failure to utilize ventilation systems and closing doors between work areas, indicating management and worker education should remain a priority.

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Adrenal‐dependent leucopenia after short‐term exposure to various airborne irritants in rats

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

Is exposure to formaldehyde in air causally associated with leukemia?—A hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence analysis

Is exposure to formaldehyde in air causally associated with leukemia?—A hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence analysis

Indoor Air Guideline Levels for Formic, Acetic, Propionic and Butyric Acid

Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry

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