Adrenals

Carsia, Rocco V.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407160-5.00026-9

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 275 publications

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“…However, the increase in the H:L ratios of birds on wire flooring was likely influenced by the immune response to BCO infection. Corticosterone concentrations generally decrease with age, and this has been found in birds raised in laboratory ( Carsia, 2015 ) and commercial settings ( Thaxton et al., 2005 ). The age-related changes of H:L ratios and CORT concentrations in broilers are both novel and confounding because the CORT concentrations and age-related response patterns differed between the 2 studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Environmental stressors activate the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis organ system, eliciting a cascade of biochemical responses resulting in the release of corticosterone ( CORT ; Siegel, 1995 , Blas, 2015 , Carsia, 2015 ). As CORT concentrations increase, the ratios of circulating blood heterophils to lymphocytes ( H:L ratio ) also increase ( Siegel, 1980 , Puvadolpirod, 1997 , Shini et al., 2009 , Virden and Kidd, 2009 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Broiler stress responses to light intensity, flooring type, and leg weakness as assessed by heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, serum corticosterone, infrared thermography, and latency to lie

et al. 2020

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Stress and leg weakness are detrimental to broiler production, health, and welfare. Traditional methods to evaluate stress may be stressful to the bird because they are invasive and require handling and restraint. Two studies examined the effects of light intensity and flooring on the following in broilers: 1) traditional methods for assessing stress using heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and serum corticosterone ( CORT ) concentrations, 2) noninvasive measures of stress from infrared thermography ( IRT ) eye and beak surface temperatures, and 3) latency-to-lie ( LTL ) test times of birds tested individually and in groups of 5. Day-of-hatch male broiler chicks were placed into 6 pens (N = 120 chicks/pen). At 1 wk, pens were allocated to 3 light intensity treatments (2, 5, or 10 lux). At 4 wk, half of the birds from each pen were moved to a pen with wire flooring and the same light intensity. At 1, 4, 5, and 8 wk, blood samples were collected and IRT images of the heads of 5 clinically healthy broilers from each pen were captured. In study 2, IRT images of the heads of birds that became lame in the wire flooring pens were taken. There were no treatment effects on the LTL times of birds tested in groups or individually ( P > 0.05). On day 56 in study 1, birds on wire flooring had elevated heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and CORT concentrations ( P ≤ 0.002) and depressed IRT eye and beak temperatures ( P < 0.0001). In both studies, there were negative correlations between CORT concentrations and IRT beak surface temperatures ( P < 0.05). Lame birds had lower IRT eye and beak surface temperatures than sound birds ( P ≤ 0.004), and the IRT beak surface temperatures of lame birds were lower than their eye surface temperatures ( P = 0.004) in study 2. These studies indicate that the IRT surface temperatures of the eye, and more distinctly of the beak, can be used as sensitive noninvasive indicators of stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broiler stress responses to light intensity, flooring type, and leg weakness as assessed by heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, serum corticosterone, infrared thermography, and latency to lie

et al. 2020

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“…The adrenal glands produce the majority of circulating adrenaline and glucocorticoids ( Carsia, 2015 ). We measured expression of the genes coding for proteins mediating different steps in the production of both glucocorticosteroids and catecholamines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the liver, we saw no changes in gene expression of the investigated genes: serpin family A member 10 ( SERPINA10 ), serpin family A member 4 ( SERPINA4 ) and hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2 ( HSD11B2 ) after stress. SERPINA10 was recently identified as a candidate gene for domestication effects on the function of the HPA axis in chickens ( Fallahsharoudi et al., 2016 ), the gene currently annotated as SERPINA4 has been identified as the gene encoding corticosterone-binding globulin (CBG) ( Vashchenko et al., 2016 ), while the enzyme HSD11B2 converts corticosterone to inactive cortisone ( Carsia, 2015 ). The lack of any effect of stress treatment on these genes suggests that neither the removal of glucocorticosteroids from the blood, nor the amount of CBG present in the blood are affected by acute stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chicken domestication changes expression of stress-related genes in brain, pituitary and adrenals

Løtvedt

Fallahshahroudi

Bektic

et al. 2017

Neurobiology of Stress

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Domesticated species have an attenuated behavioral and physiological stress response compared to their wild counterparts, but the genetic mechanisms underlying this change are not fully understood. We investigated gene expression of a panel of stress response-related genes in five tissues known for their involvement in the stress response: hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands and liver of domesticated White Leghorn chickens and compared it with the wild ancestor of all domesticated breeds, the Red Junglefowl. Gene expression was measured both at baseline and after 45 min of restraint stress. Most of the changes in gene expression related to stress were similar to mammals, with an upregulation of genes such as FKBP5, C-FOS and EGR1 in hippocampus and hypothalamus and StAR, MC2R and TH in adrenal glands. We also found a decrease in the expression of CRHR1 in the pituitary of chickens after stress, which could be involved in negative feedback regulation of the stress response. Furthermore, we observed a downregulation of EGR1 and C-FOS in the pituitary following stress, which could be a potential link between stress and its effects on reproduction and growth in chickens.We also found changes in the expression of important genes between breeds such as GR in the hypothalamus, POMC and PC1 in the pituitary and CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 in the adrenal glands. These results suggest that the domesticated White Leghorn may have a higher capacity for negative feedback of the HPA axis, a lower capacity for synthesis of ACTH in the pituitary and a reduced synthesis rate of corticosterone in the adrenal glands compared to Red Junglefowl. All of these findings could explain the attenuated stress response in the domesticated birds.

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Post‐hatching developmental changes in the adrenal gland of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): Histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies

Abdel-Maksoud

Abou-Elmagd

Saleh

2023

Microscopy Res & Technique

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The adrenal glands are paired abdominal endocrine organs vital to the bird's health. The present research aimed to provide a comprehensive examination of the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigations of the adrenal gland in Japanese quail during the post hatching period. The current study was performed on 21 healthy Japanese quail chicks at different post hatching periods. Our results showed the adrenal gland is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, which consists of dense collagen fibers containing large blood vessels, chromaffin cells, autonomic ganglia, fibroblasts, and migrating Schwann cells. The zonation of the adrenal gland is composed of a subcapsular layer, a peripheral zone, and a central zone, which gets more pronounced with age. At the ultrastructural level, the interrenal cells take the steroid‐secreting cells characters; they have varying amounts of lipid droplets and abundant mitochondria. Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells showed positive immunoreactivity to the NSE. With increasing age, the chromaffin tissue's Sox10 immunoreactivity increased. β‐catenin is expressed within the plasmalemma and the cytoplasm of the interrenal and chromaffin cells and its reactivity increased with age, especially in the chromaffin cells. Our results indicate the adrenal gland undergoes significant morphological changes during the postnatal life. Overall, the postnatal period is an important time for the development and maturation of the adrenal glands.

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Adrenals

Cited by 20 publications

References 275 publications

Broiler stress responses to light intensity, flooring type, and leg weakness as assessed by heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, serum corticosterone, infrared thermography, and latency to lie

Broiler stress responses to light intensity, flooring type, and leg weakness as assessed by heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, serum corticosterone, infrared thermography, and latency to lie

Chicken domestication changes expression of stress-related genes in brain, pituitary and adrenals

Post‐hatching developmental changes in the adrenal gland of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): Histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies

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