Obtaining control over the morphology of colloidal nanocrystals with well-defined shapes remains an important goal of modern materials chemistry, since shape-controlled nanocrystals are promising candidates as active components in a wide range of technological applications, and are model systems for the study of nanoscale shape-dependent properties. [1] In particular, the shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals of metal chalcogenide semiconductors, such as cadmium chalcogenides, [1a,b,2] lead chalcogenides, [3] Ag 2 S, [4] and MnS, [3b,5] has attracted intensive interest; in this regard, synthetic methods based on high-temperature (typically 120-360°C) reactions in organic solutions involving capping agents have most often been employed. Although this hightemperature organic solution approach has been demonstrated to be a promising method for achieving morphological control of semiconductor nanocrystals, low-temperature synthesis in aqueous solutions is highly desirable because it represents an environmentally benign and user-friendly approach, which may be considered to be a relatively green chemical alternative of practical significance. [6] However, the development of a facile, low-temperature synthesis of shape-controlled semiconductor nanocrystals in aqueous solutions remains a great challenge. It is to be noted that mixtures of various surfactants, including alkyl amines, alkyl acids, alkylphosphonic acids, and trioctyl phosphine oxide (TOPO), are frequently used as capping agents to tailor the crystal shape in high-temperature solution-phase syntheses. Recently, we have demonstrated that the low-temperature synthesis of morphologycontrolled one-dimensional (1D) BaXO 4 (where X = Cr, Mo, W) nanostructures and their hierarchical architectures can be readily achieved in reverse-micelle solutions of mixed cationic/anionic surfactants. [7] These results have inspired us to explore the low-temperature synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals with tailored shapes in aqueous solutions of mixed cationic/anionic surfactants.As a p-p semiconductor with a narrow bandgap (0.41 eV) and a large exciton Bohr radius (18 nm), PbS shows extensive quantum-size effects in nanocrystalline form and has wideranging potential applications, such as in near-IR (NIR) communication, optical switches, thermal and biological imaging, photovoltaics, and solar cells. [3a,8] While much effort has been devoted to the size-controlled synthesis of PbS quantum dots with tunable optical properties, [9] there are only a few reports on the shape-controlled synthesis of high-quality colloidal PbS nanocrystals. [3a,b] Notably, PbS nanocrystals with a variety of novel shapes, including rod-based multipods, truncated octahedrons, cubes, and stars with six symmetric horns, were successfully produced by the thermal decomposition of a molecular precursor in hot phenyl ether solvent at temperatures varying from 140 to 250°C.[3a] The obtained star-shaped PbS nanocrystals (50-60 nm in size) represent novel nanoscale structures, but the...