Adsorption efficiency of sodium & calcium bentonite for ochratoxin A in some Egyptian cheeses: an innovative fortification model,in vitro andin vivo experiments

Abstract

The incidence of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) in cheeses constitutes a significant economic and health concern for producers and consumers alike. Recently, detoxification approaches using food additives to counteract mycotoxins have been widely recommended in the food industry. This study aimed to quantify OTA levels in some Egyptian cheese types, and experimentally determine the detoxification effect of bentonite both in vitro and in vivo. The examined Roomy and Karish cheese showed higher OTA levels (4.138 and 3.399 μg/kg, respectively) than other cheeses. Calcium bentonite presented higher adsorption efficiency than sodium bentonite at all concentrations, both in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and feta cheese, and at the whole pH range. Calcium bentonite concentrations (60 and 100 mg/ml) had much higher sequestering activity on OTA both in PBS and feta cheese, while the adsorption efficiency was higher at pH 6.8 than at pH 3. All enzymatic activities were near the control levels in rats treated both with OTA and bentonite compared with rats treated with OTA alone. The IC50 of calcium bentonite was 107.75 μg/ml, which was less cytotoxic than sodium bentonite (52.96 μg/ml). Bentonites were categorised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as excellent binders of OTA. The innovative calcium bentonite-fortified feta cheese showed the most superior sensorial properties; hence it can be predicted as a novel food-grade adsorbent for OTA sequestration.

Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficacy of Bentonite on Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Contaminated Milk

“…Furthermore, the maximum and minimum toxic constituents are intended to be detected by the cytotoxic evaluation. To select the initial bentonite dosage for cytotoxic activity, the neutral red assay can estimate IC 50 [ 19 ]. In this study, bentonite was exceedingly hazardous at the highest dosage of 500 µg/mL, while being comparatively non-toxic at the lowest concentration of 0.97 µg/mL.…”

“…The PBS of 100 ng/L AFM 1 was exposed to numerous amounts of bentonite (obtained from Egypt’s New Borg El Arab bentonite group) equal to 0.5 and 1 g for several durations i.e., 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 h. Different quantities of bentonite (HAFR 1, HAFR 2, HAFR 3 and HAFR 4) were added to PBS (15 mL) of AFM 1 (100 ng/L). The adsorption assessments were performed with constant agitation at RT [ 19 , 51 ]. The adsorbent was separated using a centrifuge, and later, the supernatant was utilized for HPLC analysis, as designated in Section 2.3 .…”

“…However, none of these methods has yet been proven to be 100 percent effective, secure or practical from an economic standpoint. Another approach is to use non-toxic ingredients, such as bentonites, to bind aflatoxins in feed and food and while maintaining the nutritional value, functionality and organoleptic quality of the food [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

“…Most recently, we investigated the adsorption efficacy of calcium and sodium bentonites for ochratoxin A (OTA) in several cheese samples and concluded that calcium and sodium bentonites could be applied as an innovative food-grade adsorbent for OTA. Moreover, novel enriched feta cheese with calcium bentonite displayed the highly superior organoleptic properties [ 19 ].…”

Antibacterial Potential of Tridacna sp. and Pearl Oyster Aqueous Extracts on Food Spoilage Salmonella enterica

“…Extract concentrations of 625, 312.5, 156.25, 78.12, 39, and 19.5 µg/ml were obtained using double-fold serial dilutions. The cells in the wells have been individually treated with various concentrations of extract, 150 µl in every well except for the blank (Hamad et al, 2022).…”