Monodisperse polystyrene (PS) latex particles were prepared through a conventional batch emulsion polymerization procedure. After cleaning, the latex was subjected to a surfactant titration by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the conductivity was monitored. Using the break point in the conductivity-concentration curve, the adsorption area of the surfactant molecules at saturation, A s , was determined as 46 Å 2 per SDS molecule. In order to determine the contribution of the different ionic species to the conductivity, a simple model based on experimental conductivity measurements was developed. The degrees of counterion binding to the micelles and to the surfactant anions adsorbed onto polymer particles were calculated as 0.770 and 0.849, respectively. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was determined for the adsorption of SDS onto PS latex particles with C ∞ = 7.257 · 10 -10 mol/cm 2 and K = 1.208 · 10 5 cm 3 /mol.
IntroductionEmulsion polymerization is an important industrial process for the production of a wide variety of polymers. According to the classical theory of emulsion polymerization, surfactants are responsible for the micellar particle nucleation in the first interval of an ab initio emulsion polymerization. Surfactants also have a crucial role in maintaining the colloidal stability of the latex and in the evolution of the particle size distribution. However, in seeded emulsion polymerizations, e.g., in coreshell systems, the situation is slightly different, because in these systems, it is necessary to use an appropriate amount of surfactant in the reaction recipe to prevent secondary particle nucleation. Therefore, the maximum amount of surfactant used must not exceed the sum of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the required amount of surfactant for saturation of the total surface area of the entire particles. In this regard, attention has been paid in the literature to the determination of the adsorption characteristics of surfactants on polymer latex particles, including the adsorption isotherm and adsorption area of surfactant molecules at saturation, A s [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] 1) . Brown and Zhao determined the adsorption isotherm of SDS on clean PS [1] and styrene-butadiene [2] latex particles using surface tension measurements. Lin et al. [3] applied surface tension measurements for the determination of the adsorption isotherm of SDS using unclean PS latex particles. Vale and McKenna [4] reported in detail on the adsorption of SDS and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on polyvinyl chloride latex particles by surface tension measurements. Zwetsloot and Leyte [5] obtained the adsorption isotherm of SDS on PS latex using conductivity measurements by solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Turner et al. [6] have studied the adsorption isotherm of SDS on PS thin films by neutron reflection and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. Jadir-Reyes et al. [7] have studied the adsorption of different amphiphilic molecules onto PS latex particles by means of a depletion method and spec...