Adsorption of Water

Identification of Water Hexamer on Cu(111) Surfaces

“…W ater, as the most important compound on our planet, can form a very thin layer on almost all solid surfaces under ambient conditions, 1,2 which can tune the functionalities of materials. 3 Thus, the ubiquitous water/solid interfaces play a crucial role in many fields, including physics, chemistry, and biology, as well as materials science for environmental and energy applications.…”

“…Water, as the most important compound on our planet, can form a very thin layer on almost all solid surfaces under ambient conditions, , which can tune the functionalities of materials . Thus, the ubiquitous water/solid interfaces play a crucial role in many fields, including physics, chemistry, and biology, as well as materials science for environmental and energy applications. − Among various interacting systems between water and surfaces, the systems with weak interactions are recognized as an excellent model for the investigation of details of hydrogen bonding between water molecules, as well as water nucleation, an important phenomenon that has attracted intensive experimental and theoretical investigations.…”

Helium Diffraction as a Probe of Structure and Proton Order on Model Ice Surfaces

“…The molecular properties of water at surfaces are a fundamentally important topic in surface science. − A central challenge, which is of relevance in many fields, is the degree to which the water protons are ordered at the surface of ice.…”

“…Imaging techniques like STM can be used for studying ice only at low temperatures, where the studied surface is typically of ice-IX rather than ice-Ih. Furthermore, in thick ice films, interactions between the surface and the tip become more important. ,,, Electron scattering methods such as LEED are mostly insensitive to the hydrogen orientation. − However, in some cases, LEED measurements may be used as a reference for hydrogen-sensitive techniques like helium atom scattering (HAS), where a difference in the symmetry measured with the two techniques may reveal the orientation of the water dipoles. , …”

“…Some 120 × 120 neighbor unit cells were included in calculating the potential. Using a gas-phase potential for the He–water interaction is justified because intact water molecules at surfaces are only slightly distorted with respect to the gas phase . The specific potential we used as the building block for the He–surface interaction was calculated by Hodges et al, which was used successfully to explain several gas-phase experiments.…”