Advance of Nano-Composite Electrospun Fibers in Periodontal Regeneration

Abstract

Periodontitis is considered to be the main cause of tooth loss, which affects about 15% of the adult population around the world. Scaling and root-planning are the conventional treatments utilized to remove the contaminated tissue and bacteria, but eventually lead to the formation of a poor connection—long junctional epithelium. Therefore, regenerative therapies, such as guided tissue/bone regeneration (GTR/GBR) for periodontal regeneration have been attempted. GTR membranes, acting as scaffolds, create three-dimensional (3D) environment for the guiding of cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation, and play a significant role in periodontal regeneration. Nano-composite scaffolds based on electrospun nanofibers have gained great attention due to their ability to emulate natural extracellular matrix (ECM) that affects cell survival, attachment and reorganization. Promoted protein absorption, cellular reactions, activation of specific gene expression and intracellular signaling, and high surface area to volume ratio are also important properties of nanofibrous scaffolds. Moreover, several bioactive components, such as bioceramics and functional polymers can be easily blended into nanofibrous matrixes to regulate the physical-chemical-biological properties and regeneration abilities. Simultaneously, functional growth factors, proteins and drugs are also incorporated to regulate cellular reactions and even modify the local inflammatory microenvironment, which benefit periodontal regeneration and functional restoration. Herein, the progress of nano-composite electrospun fibers for periodontal regeneration is reviewed, including fabrication methods, compound types and processes, and surface modifications, etc. Significant proof-of-concept examples are utilized to illustrate the results of material characteristics, cellular interactions and periodontal regenerations. Finally, the existing limitations of nano-composite electrospun fibers and the development tendencies in future are also discussed.

Bioactive Membrane Immobilized with Lactoferrin for Modulation of Bone Regeneration and Inflammation

“…Previous works indicated that the use of guided membranes without osteoinductive molecules was generally ineffective for highly mineralized bone regeneration, and thus, osteoinductive molecules have been combined with them. 56,57 Despite many promising results, inflammatory responses often occur during surgery, which results in insufficient mineralization and delayed tissue regeneration. 58 As demonstrated on previous studies, lactoferrin may be a candidate with dual functions for the enhancement of in vivo bone regeneration and suppression of inflammation reactions, however, they have never been studied as an immobilized platform.…”

Advanced technologies in periodontal tissue regeneration based on stem cells: Current status and future perspectives

“…1 C). 43 Solution electrospinning fibers are inorganized nanofibers with smaller pores, while melt electrospinning fibers are organized microfibers with larger pores. 40 …”

Tooth-Supporting Hard Tissue Regeneration Using Biopolymeric Material Fabrication Strategies

“…For example, the PLGA 75:25 (75% LA and 25% GA) demonstrated more amorphous structures, a lower hydrophilicity, and slower degradation than PLGA 50:50 [ 116 , 117 ]. As a result of the higher hydrophilicity of the amorphous PLGA copolymer with a higher ratio of PGA (e.g., PLGA 50:50), more water absorption is possible which results in faster hydrolytic degradation rates [ 116 , 118 ]. Therefore, the hydrolysis rates may be dependent on different ratios of LA/GA during fabrication, and the copolymerization process could be used to manufacture optimal drug delivery systems with degradation kinetics [ 119 , 120 ].…”

“…Rather than 3D scaffolding architectures for bone regeneration, the PLGA biopolymer has been mainly considered and utilized to create nano-/micro-particles to deliver biologics such as growth factors, proteins, drugs, or cells to target tissues [ 78 , 111 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Moreover, PLGA-based, resorbable barrier membranes have been manufactured for guided bone regeneration (GBR) techniques, which prevent soft tissue infiltration and induce bone formation in defect sites in periodontal tissue engineering [ 118 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 ].…”