Advanced Molecular Knowledge of Therapeutic Drugs and Natural Products Focusing on Inflammatory Cytokines in Asthma

Abstract

Asthma is a common respiratory disease worldwide. Cytokines play a crucial role in the immune system and the inflammatory response to asthma. Abnormal cytokine expression may lead to the development of asthma, which may contribute to pathologies of this disease. As cytokines exhibit pleiotropy and redundancy characteristics, we summarized them according to their biologic activity in asthma development. We classified cytokines in three stages as follows: Group 1 cytokines for the epithelial environment stage, Group 2 cytokines for the Th2 polarization stage, and Group 3 cytokines for the tissue damage stage. The recent cytokine-targeting therapy for clinical use (anti-cytokine antibody/anti-cytokine receptor antibody) and traditional medicinal herbs (pure compounds, single herb, or natural formula) have been discussed in this review. Studies of the Group 2 anti-cytokine/anti-cytokine receptor therapies are more prominent than the studies of the other two groups. Anti-cytokine antibodies/anti-cytokine receptor antibodies for clinical use can be applied for patients who did not respond to standard treatments. For traditional medicinal herbs, anti-asthmatic bioactive compounds derived from medicinal herbs can be divided into five classes: alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenols, and terpenoids. However, the exact pathways targeted by these natural compounds need to be clarified. Using relevant knowledge to develop more comprehensive strategies may provide appropriate treatment for patients with asthma in the future.

<p>Development of an Orally Bioavailable Isoliquiritigenin Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System to Effectively Treat Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma</p>

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Potential Role of the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LALERG in the Treatment of Pollen-Induced Allergic Inflammation

“…9 -11 The inhalation of glucocorticoid is widely used; however, it is well-known that the long-term use of high dose can cause side effects, such as bone loss, insulin resistance, and predisposition to diabetes. 11…”

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Arylpyridin-2-yl Guanidine Derivatives and Cyclic Mimetics as Novel MSK1 Inhibitors. An Application in an Asthma Model

“…This kinase is directly activating the transcription factor NF-κB, thus representing a good therapeutic target with possible less side effects than upward kinases, in particular MAP kinases [ 2 ]. Asthma is a common inflammatory respiratory disease spread worldwide [ 31 ]. Our previous study in a mouse model of asthma showed that one of the available inhibitors of MSK1, H89 , significantly inhibits the eosinophil recruitment in bronchoalveolar lavage [ 14 ].…”