Advanced predictions of solidification in cryogenic natural gas and LNG processing

Baker, Corey J.; Siahvashi, Arman; Oakley, John P.; Hughes, Thomas J.; Rowland, Darren; Huang, Shitian; May, Eric F.

doi:10.1016/j.jct.2019.05.006

Cited by 24 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Thermodynamically stable at temperatures and pressures encountered in natural gas production or at oceanic or permafrost margins (2), hydrates are highly relevant to applications in conventional energy production from oil and gas reserves (flow assurance (3)), unconventional energy production from geological deposits of methane-hydrate (4,5) and to onshore processes related to gas storage (6) and water desalination (7). The kinetics of hydrate formation are critical to many of these applications, including optimising gas storage schemes, reducing the cost of hydrate management strategies for subsea gas production (8) or avoiding blockages in the cryogenic heat exchangers used to make liquefied natural gas (LNG) (9,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Hydrate nucleation and growth on water droplets acoustically-levitated in high-pressure natural gas

Jeong

Metaxas

Chan

et al. 2019

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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confidence: 99%

Hydrate nucleation and growth on water droplets acoustically-levitated in high-pressure natural gas

Jeong

Metaxas

Chan

et al. 2019

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…ThermoFAST, on the other hand, matches the literature data (which were included in its development) very well and more closely predicts the SLE temperatures in this work. 21,28 Both models capture the observed trends of the combined data sets and suggest a slight flattening of the phase boundary from 0.84 ≤ x 1 ≤ 0.96. Additional data points would be needed to confirm this predicted flattening of the SLE curve.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…, and p m are the solid fugacity, liquid phase fugacity coefficient, enthalpy of fusion, melting temperature, specific heat difference between the liquid and solid phase, and the melting pressure, respectively. As discussed by Baker et al, 21 this model assumes the solid phase consists of a pure substance even though multiple pure solid phases can simultaneously exist. The SFE occurs when the partial fugacity of component i in the fluid mixture equals the fugacity of that compound in the fluid mixture at a given T, p, and x i .…”

Section: L→smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparisons are made for all mixtures with the predictions of the EOS-based solid−fluid equilibrium (SFE) implemented in the software packages Multiflash version 4.4 26 and Thermo-FAST 1.2. 21,27,28 Both models use the equation attributed to Hildebrand and Scott 29 among others 30,31 to calculate the fugacity of the pure solid phase in equilibrium with the fluid mixture, as detailed in eq 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Pressure Melting Temperature Measurements in Mixtures Relevant to Liquefied Natural Gas Production and Comparisons with Model Predictions

et al. 2021

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Accurate melting point data were measured for hydrocarbon mixtures analogous to natural gas under high pressure at cryogenic temperatures using a customized differential scanning calorimeter. New melting temperatures are reported for two [methane (C1) + n-heptane (C7)] binary mixtures, two [methane + propane (C3) + n-heptane] ternary mixtures, and three multicomponent mixtures containing methane + ethane (C2) + propane + butane (C4) with a solute of either benzene (CBz) or para-xylene (C p‑xyl). These measurements were performed over temperatures ranging from 137.82 to 302.18 K and pressures between 11.12 and 34.5 MPa. The binary mixture results were consistent with the literature data, and comparisons with the predictions of models implemented in Multiflash and ThermoFAST software packages showed deviations ΔT = T meas – T calc around +5 and +3 K, respectively. Similar results were obtained for the ternary mixtures. For the multicomponent mixture containing benzene, the deviation for the model implemented in Multiflash increased to +9.4 K, while it remained at around +3 K for the model implemented in ThermoFAST. However, for the multicomponent with para-xylene, the melting temperature deviations for the Multiflash and ThermoFAST models both increased significantly to +21.5 and +13.7 K, respectively. The results suggest that for well-characterized multicomponent mixtures containing components that have been well studied, the models implemented in ThermoFAST can adequately predict the melting temperatures at high pressure. Nonetheless, improvements are still in need for mixtures containing freeze-out components such as para-xylene that have not yet been studied sufficiently.

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“…It plays a key role in the calculation of calorific value, density, Wobbe Index, and many other properties relevant for trading natural gas. Moreover, the determination of heavy hydrocarbon contents (C 6+ ) in LNG can be important to prevent the formation of solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) and, thus, pipeline blockages 2‐5 . Composition measurements utilizing gas chromatography (GC), however, require sampling and regasification of the LNG, which is known to be prone to errors due to fractionation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory‐scale liquefiers for natural gas: A design and assessment study

et al. 2021

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Exact knowledge of natural gas composition is essential in custody transfer to determine the energy content of the delivery. However, for liquefied natural gas (LNG), a reliable composition determination is difficult. Here, we describe the design of a laboratory‐scale reference liquefier that enables the validation and calibration of optical spectroscopy sensors by providing them with a sample of metrologically traceable composition. Hence, it is crucial to avoid fractionation of the sample during liquefaction. This is realized by supercritical liquefaction of a reference gas mixture in conjunction with a special vapor–liquid‐equilibrium (VLE) cell. As this is a demanding high‐pressure application, low‐pressure condensation as liquefaction method was also assessed. Through experimental investigations and VLE calculations, preservation of the composition of the produced liquid sample during condensation was studied. We conclude that under optimized conditions, validation, and calibration measurements of optical sensors can be performed on condensed liquids, which, however, needs further confirmation.

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Advanced predictions of solidification in cryogenic natural gas and LNG processing

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

Hydrate nucleation and growth on water droplets acoustically-levitated in high-pressure natural gas

Hydrate nucleation and growth on water droplets acoustically-levitated in high-pressure natural gas

High-Pressure Melting Temperature Measurements in Mixtures Relevant to Liquefied Natural Gas Production and Comparisons with Model Predictions

Laboratory‐scale liquefiers for natural gas: A design and assessment study

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