Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations

Moni, Sivakumar; Abdelwahab, Siddig; Jabeen, Aamena; Elmobark, Mohamed; Aqaili, Duaa; Gohal, Gassem; Oraibi, Bassem; Farasani, Abdulla; Jerah, Ahmed; Alnajai, Mahdi; Mohammad Alowayni, Abdul

doi:10.3390/vaccines11111704

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 203 publications

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“…So far, the FDA has approved fewer than ten adjuvants [ 12 ]. A timeline analysis shows that improved immunization by adding adjuvants to vaccine formulations has a history going back approximately one century, when Glenny et al, in 1926, precipitated antigens on alum particles [ 13 , 14 ]. Despite the strong induction of a humoral response, weak cellular immunity is provoked by aluminum salts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Peptides as Vaccine Adjuvants and Antimicrobial Agents

Hemmati,

Saeidikia,

Seradj

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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The underdevelopment of adjuvant discovery and diversity, compared to core vaccine technology, is evident. On the other hand, antibiotic resistance is on the list of the top ten threats to global health. Immunomodulatory peptides that target a pathogen and modulate the immune system simultaneously are promising for the development of preventive and therapeutic molecules. Since investigating innate immunity in insects has led to prominent achievements in human immunology, such as toll-like receptor (TLR) discovery, we used the capacity of the immunomodulatory peptides of arthropods with concomitant antimicrobial or antitumor activity. An SVM-based machine learning classifier identified short immunomodulatory sequences encrypted in 643 antimicrobial peptides from 55 foe-to-friend arthropods. The critical features involved in efficacy and safety were calculated. Finally, 76 safe immunomodulators were identified. Then, molecular docking and simulation studies defined the target of the most optimal peptide ligands among all human cell-surface TLRs. SPalf2-453 from a crab is a cell-penetrating immunoadjuvant with antiviral properties. The peptide interacts with the TLR1/2 heterodimer. SBsib-711 from a blackfly is a TLR4/MD2 ligand used as a cancer vaccine immunoadjuvant. In addition, SBsib-711 binds CD47 and PD-L1 on tumor cells, which is applicable in cancer immunotherapy as a checkpoint inhibitor. MRh4-679 from a shrimp is a broad-spectrum or universal immunoadjuvant with a putative Th1/Th2-balanced response. We also implemented a pathway enrichment analysis to define fingerprints or immunological signatures for further in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity and reactogenicity measurements. Conclusively, combinatorial machine learning, molecular docking, and simulation studies, as well as systems biology, open a new opportunity for the discovery and development of multifunctional prophylactic and therapeutic lead peptides.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Peptides as Vaccine Adjuvants and Antimicrobial Agents

Hemmati,

Saeidikia,

Seradj

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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“…Vaccines for HFMD are not widely available, but some countries have developed vaccines against Enterovirus 71, which is one of the common causes of severe HFMD cases. Vaccination is a method used to prevent and control infections, which can significantly enhance the immune system [6]. The authors in [7,8] examine certain findings that could aid in the development of effective enterovirus vaccines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractional Order Mathematical Modelling of HFMD Transmission via Caputo Derivative

Mohandoss,

Chandrasekar,

Meetei

et al. 2024

Axioms

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This paper studies a nonlinear fractional mathematical model for hand, foot, and mouth Disease (HFMD), incorporating a vaccinated compartment. Our initial focus involves establishing the non-negativity and boundedness of the fractional order dynamical model. The existence and uniqueness of the system are discussed using the Caputo derivative operator formulation. Applying a fixed-point approach, we obtain results that confirm the presence of at least one solution. We analyze the stability behavior at the two equilibrium points (disease-free and endemic states) of the model and derive the basic reproduction number. Numerical simulations are conducted using the fractional Euler approach, and the simulation results confirm our analytical conclusions. This comprehensive approach enhances the understanding of HFMD dynamics and facilitates the policy making of health care centers to control the further spread of this disease.

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Targeting immunosenescence for improved tumor immunotherapy

Liu,

Zuo,

Zhou

et al. 2024

MedComm

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Tumor immunotherapy has significantly transformed the field of oncology over the past decade. An optimal tumor immunotherapy would ideally elicit robust innate and adaptive immune responses within tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Unfortunately, immune system experiences functional decline with chronological age, a process termed “immunosenescence,” which contributes to impaired immune responses against pathogens, suboptimal vaccination outcomes, and heightened vulnerability to various diseases, including cancer. In this context, we will elucidate hallmarks and molecular mechanisms underlying immunosenescence, detailing alterations in immunosenescence at molecular, cellular, organ, and disease levels. The role of immunosenescence in tumorigenesis and senescence‐related extracellular matrix (ECM) has also been addressed. Recognizing that immunosenescence is a dynamic process influenced by various factors, we will evaluate treatment strategies targeting hallmarks and molecular mechanisms, as well as methods for immune cell, organ restoration, and present emerging approaches in immunosenescence for tumor immunotherapy. The overarching goal of immunosenescence research is to prevent tumor development, recurrence, and metastasis, ultimately improving patient prognosis. Our review aims to reveal latest advancements and prospective directions in the field of immunosenescence research, offering a theoretical basis for development of practical anti‐immunosenescence and anti‐tumor strategies.

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Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations

Cited by 13 publications

References 203 publications

Immunomodulatory Peptides as Vaccine Adjuvants and Antimicrobial Agents

Immunomodulatory Peptides as Vaccine Adjuvants and Antimicrobial Agents

Fractional Order Mathematical Modelling of HFMD Transmission via Caputo Derivative

Targeting immunosenescence for improved tumor immunotherapy

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