2023
DOI: 10.3390/v15030647
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Advances in Antiviral Delivery Systems and Chitosan-Based Polymeric and Nanoparticulate Antivirals and Antiviral Carriers

Abstract: Current antiviral therapy research is focused on developing dosage forms that enable highly effective drug delivery, providing a selective effect in the organism, lower risk of adverse effects, a lower dose of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and minimal toxicity. In this article, antiviral drugs and the mechanisms of their action are summarized at the beginning as a prerequisite background to develop relevant drug delivery/carrier systems for them, classified and briefly discussed subsequently. Many of the … Show more

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Cited by 21 publications
(15 citation statements)
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References 251 publications
(280 reference statements)
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“…Current attempts to design clinical therapies for viral infection usually inhibit viral replication using small-molecule drugs; nevertheless, their efficacy is limited by poor bioavailability, nontargeted release, and adverse side effects (35,36). Many kinds of delivery systems such as micelles, nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, and biopolymer NPs can be designed to enhance the efficacy of antiviral drugs by overcoming the above obstacles (37)(38)(39). However, IAV infection activates the host's natural immune response.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Current attempts to design clinical therapies for viral infection usually inhibit viral replication using small-molecule drugs; nevertheless, their efficacy is limited by poor bioavailability, nontargeted release, and adverse side effects (35,36). Many kinds of delivery systems such as micelles, nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, and biopolymer NPs can be designed to enhance the efficacy of antiviral drugs by overcoming the above obstacles (37)(38)(39). However, IAV infection activates the host's natural immune response.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Many studies have been carried out to evaluate the delivery of peptides and proteins, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone, octreotide, desmopressin, vasopressin, uroguanferin, calcitonin, exenatide, human insulin, parathyroid hormone, leptin, interferon, and ovalbumin using different polymers [ 59 ]. Various chitosan-based delivery systems, such as microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and niosomes have been developed to deliver proteins [ 60 , 61 , 62 ]. In fact, chitosan is actively studied as a vehicle for oral insulin drug delivery, which is economical and more suitable to patients compared with injectables [ 63 ].…”
Section: Applicability Of Chitosan-oriented Multifarious Deliverymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In particular, CS nanoparticles have a great potential for application in the treatment of COVID-19, considering the characteristics of this biopolymer, which include low toxicity, biodegradability, suitable physical properties, and mucoadhesive property. In particular, when CS is positively charged and interacts with the mucosa, it is able to open the tight junctions between cells, thereby increasing drug permeation [ 151 , 152 ]. There are also reports that CS has anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity [ 153 ].…”
Section: Chitosan-based Nanoparticles For Pulmonary Deliverymentioning
confidence: 99%