Advances in biomaterial production from animal derived waste

Abstract

Animal derived waste, if not disposed properly, could pose a threat to the environment and its inhabitants. Recent advancements in biotechnological and biomedical interventions have enabled us to bioengineer these valuable waste substrates into biomaterials with diversified applications. Rearing and processing of poultry, cattle, sheep, goat, pig, and slaughterhouse waste can aid in effective waste valorization for the fabrication of biopolymers, composites, heart valves, collagen, scaffolds, pigments and lipids, among other industrially important biomaterials. Feathers and eggshell waste from the poultry industry can be used for producing keratinous proteins and biocomposites, respectively. Cattle dung, hoofs and cattle hide can be used for producing hydroxyapatite for developing scaffolds and drug delivery systems. Porcine derived collagen can be used for developing skin grafts, while porcine urinary bladder has antiangiogenic, neurotrophic, tumor-suppressive and wound healing properties. Sheep teeth can be used for the production of low-cost hydroxyapatite while goat tissue is still underutilized and requires more in-depth investigation. However, hydrolyzed tannery fleshings show promising potential for antioxidant rich animal feed production. In this review, the recent developments in the production and application of biomaterials from animal waste have been critically analyzed. Standardized protocols for biomaterial synthesis on a pilot scale, and government policy framework for establishing an animal waste supply chain for end users seem to be lacking and require urgent attention. Moreover, circular bioeconomy concepts for animal derived biomaterial production need to be developed for creating a sustainable system.

From waste to wealth: Repurposing slaughterhouse waste for xenotransplantation

“…In an attempt to address this, prior studies have outlined the utility of slaughterhouse waste for biodiesel (Chakraborty et al, 2014) and biogas (Ware and Power, 2016) production, fertilizer-based phosphorus sustainability (Darch et al, 2019) and crop biofortification (Ragályi and Kádár, 2012). Recent advancements in biotechnological and biomedical interventions, such as those presented by Tarafdar et al (2021) have outlined the transformation of waste substrates from poultry, cattle, sheep, goat, and pig into diversified biomaterials. An example of waste valorization outlines the practical fabrication of biopolymers, composites, heart valves, collagen, scaffolds, pigments, and lipids, among other industrially important biomaterials.…”

Prodigiosin: a promising biomolecule with many potential biomedical applications

“…Two main aspects of PG production at a large scale that must be considered: high yields with low production costs, fermentation time, and sustainable production by rational use of natural resources compatible with environmental protection [ 49 ].…”

Quaternary ammonium substituted dextrin‐based biocompatible cationic nanoparticles with ultrahigh pH stability for drug delivery

“…Additionally, the extraction procedures required for commercialization are complex and expensive. 9 Polysaccharides are therefore preferred in the context of drug delivery applications. More specifically, cationic polymeric nanoparticles holds an additional advantage over other polymeric NPs due to their ability to enter cells faster with higher uptake.…”

“…Additionally, animal‐derived macromolecules contain a certain amount of biologically recognizable motifs that also have an impact on immunogenicity. Additionally, the extraction procedures required for commercialization are complex and expensive 9 . Polysaccharides are therefore preferred in the context of drug delivery applications.…”