Advances in cellular and tissue engineering using layer‐by‐layer assembly

Abstract

Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a self-assembly technique used to develop multilayer films based on complementary interactions between film components. These multilayer films have had a significant impact on the fields of cellular and tissue engineering. The aim of cellular engineering is to understand and control cell behavior, which not only impacts applications in regenerative medicine but also other biomedical therapies that rely on cell interactions with biomaterials, including treatments for autoimmune disorders and cancer. Tissue engineering approaches to tissue repair and regeneration utilize three-dimensional biomaterial scaffolds that interact favorably with cells. Cellular engineering studies can better inform the design of these scaffolds. The ease of tuning the chemical and mechanical properties of LbL films, the ability to coat a variety of medically relevant substrates (including cell culture surfaces and scaffolds), and the wide range of species that can be incorporated into these films (ranging from proteins to small molecules) have led to the successful use of LbL assembly for a variety of cellular and tissue engineering applications. The films used in these biomedical applications can be divided into those that release therapeutics, often with controlled stimuli-responsive release behavior, and those that act without releasing these agents.

Layer‐by‐layer assembly of readily detachable chitosan and poly(acrylic acid) polyelectrolyte multilayer films

“…Layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile multilayer film fabrication method, based on interactions between multivalent molecules and macromolecules. Typical LbL films are fabricated in benign, aqueous conditions, preserving functionality of a range of incorporated molecules and maintaining the desired qualities of the underlying substrate . The ability to detach LbL films from their initial fabrication substrate greatly increases the range of applications accessible to a particular film architecture.…”

Conducting Polymer-Based Multilayer Films for Instructive Biomaterial Coatings

“…Layer-by-layer assembly is a method of producing thin multilayer films that was popularized by Möhwald and others [15,16]. Conductive multilayer films have been prepared from a variety of organic electronic components, often for applications in energy, of which a number of examples based on CPs exist [17].…”

Gene delivery using dendrimer/pDNA complexes immobilized in electrospun fibers using the Layer-by-Layer technique

“…88 The functionalization of the PLGA fibers with polyelectrolytes using the layer-by-layer approach was similar to what is described in the literature. [89][90][91] In a typical procedure, the PLGA fibrous mats were first immersed into chitosan(1mg/ml) solution for 10 min, followed by rinsing with water three times (each rinsing step took 2 minutes). Then, the substrates were immersed in the negatively charged alginate(1mg/ml) solution for 10 min, followed by similar rinsing steps in water.…”