Advances in computer-generated holography for targeted neuronal modulation

Abstract

Genetically encoded calcium indicators and optogenetics have revolutionized neuroscience by enabling the detection and modulation of neural activity with single-cell precision using light. To fully leverage the immense potential of these techniques, advanced optical instruments that can place a light on custom ensembles of neurons with a high level of spatial and temporal precision are required. Modern light sculpting techniques that have the capacity to shape a beam of light are preferred because they can precisely target multiple neurons simultaneously and modulate the activity of large ensembles of individual neurons at rates that match natural neuronal dynamics. The most versatile approach, computer-generated holography (CGH), relies on a computer-controlled light modulator placed in the path of a coherent laser beam to synthesize custom three-dimensional (3D) illumination patterns and illuminate neural ensembles on demand. Here, we review recent progress in the development and implementation of fast and spatiotemporally precise CGH techniques that sculpt light in 3D to optically interrogate neural circuit functions.

Rapid learning of neural circuitry from holographic ensemble stimulation enabled by model-based compressed sensing

“…In the case of phase mask generation, efficient computation is critical since otherwise experiment time could be dominated by this step. We expect that high-speed phase mask estimation methods, such as those based on deep learning [Eybposh et al, 2020, Eybposh et al, 2022, could play an increasingly important role in rapid connectivity mapping.…”

Parallel compensation of anisoplanatic aberrations in patterned photostimulation for two-photon optogenetics

“…Notably, in some cases, the intensity of patterns generated by PAC-GS with anisoplanatic aberrations is higher than that generated by GS without aberration interference. As hologram search process is not able to guarantee an optimal solution under all conditions [21], some of conditions are change when anisoplanatic aberrations are introduced into the searching process, which leads to a better solution.…”

“…For the generation of patterned photostimulation, computer-generated holography (CGH) [21] is generally performed. However, conventional CGH algorithms fail in taking optical aberrations, from both optical systems and biological tissues, into account.…”

Real-time vivo imaging by a light sheet microscopy with Airy beam and tilted cylindrical lens

“…With the increasing importance of LSFM in biospecimen imaging, many current innovative ideas propose to rely on diffraction-free beams such as the Airy beam to achieve beam-transmission-invariant optical shaping, which results in an extended light sheet to provide high resolution over a large FOV. The realization of such light shaping often relies on complex programming of spatial light modulators or specialized, customized optics, which causes significant inconvenience for research related to imaging of biological specimens [11]. In addition, when building the optical system, the LSFM requires two Cylindrical lenses to form a double Cylindrical lens optical system, which affects the imaging quality of the optical system and increases the size and complexity of the optical system [12][13][14].…”