Advances in Immunomodulatory MOFs for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Given the crucial role of immune system in the occurrence and progression of various diseases such as cancer, wound healing, bone defect, and inflammation‐related diseases, immunomodulation is recognized as a potential solution for treatment of these diseases. Immunomodulation includes both immunosuppression in hyperactive immune conditions and immune activation in hypoactive conditions. For these purposes, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are investigated to modulate immune responses either by their own bioactivities or by delivering immunomodulatory agents due to their excellent biodegradability and high delivery capacity. This review starts with an overview of the synthesis strategies of immunomodulatory MOFs, followed by a summarization on the latest applications of immunomodulatory MOFs in cancer immunomodulatory, wound healing, inflammatory disease, and bone tissue engineering. A variety of design considerations, in order to optimize immunomodulatory properties and efficacy of MOFs, is also involved. Last, the challenges and perspectives of future research, which are expected to provide researchers with new insight into the design and application of immunomodulatory MOFs, are discussed.

Biomolecules meet organic frameworks: from synthesis strategies to diverse applications

“…Among the several methods described above for forming biological organic frameworks, the synthesis method of attaching biomolecules onto the surface of the organic framework is a simply and regularly used method. 20 However, the attachment method especially relying on electrostatic adsorption usually has the disadvantages of inhomogeneity and easy disruption. Hence, the improved method via covalent attachment is considered a more reliable one.…”

“…These are: (1) attachment of biomolecules onto the external surface of pre-synthesized frameworks, (2) incorporation of biomolecules within the matrix of frameworks, and (3) utilization of biomolecules as building blocks for direct construction of novel frameworks. 20–24 The resulting BOFs are expected to not only significantly improve the thermal, chemical and mechanical stability of raw biomolecules but also introduce additional sieving, enrichment, chirality and other functions from the frameworks. 25,26 One elegant example reported by Chen et al 27 presented a novel type of bifunctional WGL@NKCOF-118(M) [TAPP-PBMB; (TAPP = tetra-(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin, PBMB = 4,4′-(1,4-phenylenebis-(ethyne-2,1-diyl))-bis-(2-methoxybenzaldehyde))] via integrating enzymatic wheat germ lipase (WGL) within the mesopores of photoactive porphyrinic NKCOF-118(M) (M = H, Zn, Cu, and Ni).…”

Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Nanomaterials for Regulation of the Osteogenic Microenvironment

“…[10] For OME modulation, MOFs can deliver immunomodulatory signaling molecules and catalyze the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to relieve inflammation. [11] To maintain and protect the OME, MOFs serve as drug carriers, photosensitizers, and nanozymes to enable antibacterial and antitumor effects. [12] In addition, MOFs possess numerous tunable sites on their structures, making them highly suitable for the construction of multifunctional platforms.…”