Advances in immunotherapy for COVID-19: A comprehensive review

Masoomikarimi, Masoomeh; Garmabi, Behzad; Alizadeh, Javad; Kazemi, Erfan; Jafari, Amirhossein Azari; Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq; Dargahi, Motahareh; Taheri, Niloofar; Jafari, Reza

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107409

Cited by 19 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The National People's Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHCPRC), has reported that of 157 patients with COVID-19, 91 showed significant improvements for the symptoms of coughs, fever, muscle pain, weakness and sputum, after plasma collected from rehabilitated patients was transfer to the patients during 48 h of treatment. The results also showed there was an increased lymphocyte ratio and blood oxygen saturation, and reduced virus antigen levels [61,63]. This is further supported by four critically ill COVID-19 patients that were used in case study, they received convalescent plasma and the results showed they recovered from SARS-CoV-2 , which suggest this is a promising potential therapy for severe acute COVID-19 treatment (Bin Zhang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Convalescent Plasma (Cp) and Intravenous Immunoglobulin (Ivig)mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The first study on IVIG therapy in COVID-19 patients was reported by Xie et al [66], they found that the 58 severe COVID-19 patients that had IVIG administered intravenously with an adjuvant glucocorticoid, had a reduced hospital stay length, and mechanical ventilation use when administered within 48 h of ICU admission. There was also improvement to 28-day mortality and significant clinical effectiveness [61,66].…”

Section: Convalescent Plasma (Cp) and Intravenous Immunoglobulin (Ivig)mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Days after treatment, their cytokine levels returned to the normal range, including IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-6. Also, 5 days after treatment, there was a significant increase in their D4+T cells, B cells, T cells, CD8+T cells, NK cells, and the absolute value of lymphocytes [61,68].…”

Section: Tnf Inhibitormentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Infectious disease treatment and prevention may be achieved by using antibodies from naturally recovered individuals, whereas vaccine production and the immune response takes a longer time to be developed. In 2014 and 2015, the use of convalescent plasma was established and recommended for the treatment of MERS and Ebola [61,62]. The National People's Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHCPRC), has reported that of 157 patients with COVID-19, 91 showed significant improvements for the symptoms of coughs, fever, muscle pain, weakness and sputum, after plasma collected from rehabilitated patients was transfer to the patients during 48 h of treatment.…”

Section: Convalescent Plasma (Cp) and Intravenous Immunoglobulin (Ivig)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After convalescent plasma treatment, and posttransfusion, there were decreased C-reactive protein and increased number of lymphocytes when compared to the patients pretransfusion [64]. There are two important effects of convalescent plasma that cause an improvement in patients with COVID-19, which are based on its composition; there is immunomodulatory effect that occurs due to antibodies and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and an antiviral effect that is carried out by the neutralizing antibodies (NABs) [61,65]. In COVID-19 patients, these antibodies act to help control the overactive immune system, for instance regulating the hypercoagulable state, reducing the cytokine storm, altering complement activation, and the th1/th17 ratio [61,65].…”

Section: Convalescent Plasma (Cp) and Intravenous Immunoglobulin (Ivig)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19, T Cells, Cytokines and Immunotherapy: Review

Tarbiah

2021

JPRI

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In December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus (COVID-19), materialized in the city of Wuhan and quickly spread to form a global pandemic. An essential role in the immune system is undertaken by lymphocytes, which defend against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Previous study found that very severe COVID-19 patients had suppression of the immune response enabling the virus to spread and cause more damage. This was evident by the changes in their white blood cell and lymphocyte count. Early clinical findings suggest that those suffering from severe COVID-19 have reduced numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and other granulocytes. One of the most efficient responses for a variety of viral infections is cellular immune response activation, especially via T cells. Viruses can be eliminated by T cytotoxic (CD8+) (Tc) in the host body, these secrete a variety of molecules, including interferons (IFNs), granzyme, and perforin. T helper (CD4+) (Th) cells help by assisting cytotoxic T cells and B cells to eliminate viral infection. CD8+ and CD4+ work together in a coordinated immune response with other constituents to primarily resolve acute viral infections, and after to produce protection against any reinfection. Also, COVID-19 causes dramatic changes in cytokine profiles and serological markers. Therefore, the subsets of immune cells and the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines are crucial evidence to determine the severity of COVID-19. The disease severity has already been proved to be associated with the disruption in the proinflammatory chemokine response, this eventually leads to a cytokine storm and progression of cytokines release syndrome (CRS). This review aimed to demonstrate a full understanding of the alterations to the immune response by determining the T-cell expression and cytokine levels against the pathological processes of COVID-19, which can be a significant step in early treatment and diagnosis of this disease, in reduction of COVID-19 mortality cases, and to emphasize the most recent and current studies to try to identify new immuno-therapeutics for COVID-19.

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Section: Convalescent Plasma (Cp) and Intravenous Immunoglobulin (Ivig)mentioning

confidence: 79%