Advances in Neem and Azadirachtin Chemistry and Bioactivity

Dj, Hansen; Cuomo, John; Khan, M.; Rt, Gallagher; Wp, Ellenberger

doi:10.1021/bk-1994-0551.ch008

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Azadirachtin is a complex tetranortriterpenoid with 16 chiral carbon centers, derived from the mevalonic acid pathway in the neem tree (Hansen et al, 1993;Aarthy et al, 2018). It is a highly oxidized tetranorterpenoid natural product related to limonin, the bitter principle of citrus fruits and known as limonoids (Benuzzi and Ladurner, 2018).…”

Section: Azadirachtin: Properties and Insecticidal Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions

2021

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In the context of the major crop losses, pesticides will continue to play a key role in pest management practice in absence of practical and efficient alternatives; however, increasing awareness regarding environmental and human health impacts of conventional pesticides as well as the development of resistance and cross-resistance reduced their availability and promoted the search for alternative control strategies and reduced-risk pesticides. Among the various alternatives, a drastic re-emergence of interest in the use of plant-derived compounds, called allelochemicals, was noted and demand for an organic product is rising. Currently, azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid derived from the neem seed of the Indian neem tree [Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)], is one of the prominent biopesticides commercialized and remains the most successful botanical pesticide in agricultural use worldwide. Azadirachtin is a powerful antifeedant and insect growth disruptor with exceptional low residual power and low toxicity to biocontrol agents, predators, and parasitoids. This review summarizes the state of the art on key azadirachtin insecticidal activities and risk assessment, identifies knowledge gaps that could serve as the basis for future research direction and highlights limitation in agricultural use and the development of novel strategies by the use of nanotechnology to control its release rate and improve its stability and sustainability.

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Section: Azadirachtin: Properties and Insecticidal Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions

2021

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“…Our results suggest that azadirachtin's adverse effects are limited to Spodoptera insect cells and not targeted toward the mouse cells. The antiecdysone activity of azadirachtin is well known (Hansen et al, 1994;Isman, 1993;Simmonds & Blaney, 1996). Since the hormone ecdysone is responsible for molting during insect development, it is assumed that azadirachtin, in having a specific mechanism of action toward insects, ie.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Azadirachtin, one of the three predominant limnoids of the Indian neem tree, Azadirachta indica, is a well known biopesticide (Schmutterer, 1990;Pearce, 1993;Bomford & Isman, 1996;Isman, 1997). Although the bioactivity of azadirachtin on insect species vary, the neem insecticide has been shown to have broad spectrum properties characterized by antifeedant and antimolting effects in many agricultural insect pests (Schmutterer, 1990;Isman, 1993Isman, , 1997Ley et al, 1993;Mordue & Blackwell, 1993;Hansen, 1994;Langewald et al, 1995;Simmonds & Blaney, 1996). Additionally, azadirachtin is a biologically degradable compound (Bomford & Isman, 1996;Kumar & Parmar, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential cytotoxic effects of azadirachtin on Spodoptera frugiperda and mouse cultured cells

Reed

Majumdar

1998

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Azadirachtin is a natural biopesticide extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica); however, its safety to mammals is not well documented. This study examined the influence of azadirachtin on the proliferation and morphology of Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells (SF‐9), and mouse erythroleukemia cells (MEL‐GM 86). Cell kinetic studies conducted at 24 h intervals for 144 h showed that azadirachtin treatments (0.05, 0.20 and 0.50 μg/ml) inhibited cell multiplication of the SF‐9 cells. This inhibitory effect was dose dependent. Conversely, azadirachtin at 30 μg/ml did not reduce MEL‐GM 86 cell proliferation. SF‐ 9 cells displayed an increase in cell swelling and cell abnormalities after 48 h of treatment with azadirachtin, whereas no such changes were detected in MEL‐GM 86 cells. A scanning electron microscope study revealed that treatment with an azadirachtin concentration as low as 0.10 μg/ml induced cell swelling and caused distortions on the cell surface ultrastructure of SF‐9 cells characterized by blebbing and holes after 48 h of treatment. However, these effects were not seen in the azadirachtin‐treated MEL‐ GM 86 cells.

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“…Of the total AZA ( Fig. 1) fraction, AZA-A is the major component, averaging about 75 to 90% in most samples [8], and the remainder consists of 10 to 25% of AZA-B (3-tigloylazadirachtol) and 1% of the so-called ''positional isomers'' (i.e., AZA-C, -D, -E, -F, -G, -H, and -I; 22-, 23-dihydro-23-a-and -b-methoxy-AZA) [9]. Both AZA-A and AZA-B and their isomers are collectively referred to as AZA, because they have the same basic molecular structure and similar bioactivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Azadirachtin on Glomus Intraradices and Vesicular–arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Root Inducing Transferred Dna Transformed Roots of Daucus Carota

Wan¹,

Rahe²

1998

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-The impact of azadirachtin, neem extracts, and their products, Eneem 3G and Neemix 4.5E, on the symbiotic vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices was assessed by short-term subacute toxicity tests using root inducing transferred DNA (Ri T-DNA) transformed roots of Daucus carota as the host in the minimal medium system. The concentration causing 50% inhibition of growth and development was determined, and effects of these test materials on carrot roots and colonization by G. intraradices were also evaluated. The inhibitory effect of azadirachtin and neem compounds was compared with that of several reference pesticides (benomyl, chlorothalonil, copper sulfate, dimethoate, glyphosate, and its metabolite aminomethyl-phosphonic acid). Azadirachtin, neem extracts, Eneem 3G, and Neemix 4.5E, including their carriers and solvents, have low short-term toxicity to G. intraradices when compared with reference pesticides. As well, neither D. carota nor the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was affected by these compounds. The potential ecotoxicological impact of azadirachtin, a new botanical insecticide, on the terrestrial environment is evaluated and discussed.

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Advances in Neem and Azadirachtin Chemistry and Bioactivity

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions

Azadirachtin-Based Insecticide: Overview, Risk Assessments, and Future Directions

Differential cytotoxic effects of azadirachtin on Spodoptera frugiperda and mouse cultured cells

Impact of Azadirachtin on Glomus Intraradices and Vesicular–arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Root Inducing Transferred Dna Transformed Roots of Daucus Carota

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