“…Self-powered sensors based on emerging triboelectric nanogenerator technology have been demonstrated to possess promising sensing capabilities with numerous advantages, such as simple structure, high robustness, and low cost (Wang, 2014;Pu et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2021;Zhao et al, 2021;Conta et al, 2021;Peng, 2021;Mahmud et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2016;Yan, 2020;Xu et al, 2020). Such sensors are capable of generating significant electrical signals in response to ambient stimuli without external power supply (Huang et al, 2021;Su et al, 2020a;Tat et al, 2021;Zou et al, 2020;Zou, 2021). Moreover, their output signals can be directly used as sensing signals to reflect the dynamic changes of their sensing elements (Zhang et al, 2021;Su et al, 2020b;Jiang et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2018).…”