Advances in the development of solid state photomultipliers for medical imaging

Levin, E. V.; Shelegeda, E. V.; Shubin, V. G.; Shushakov, D. A.; Sitarsky, C; Vinogradov, Sergey

doi:10.1117/12.772213

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The discrete amplification APD (DAPD) was developed and produced by Amplification Technologies in the 2000s [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]. DAPDs were based on the concept of solid state photomultiplier (SSPM) as a multichannel APD operated in Geiger mode with single electron negative feedback [ 19 ].…”

Section: Non-planar Apd and Sipm Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avalanche Photodiodes and Silicon Photomultipliers of Non-Planar Designs

Vinogradov

2023

Sensors

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Conventional designs of an avalanche photodiode (APD) have been based on a planar p–n junction since the 1960s. APD developments have been driven by the necessity to provide a uniform electric field over the active junction area and to prevent edge breakdown by special measures. Most modern silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) are designed as an array of Geiger-mode APD cells based on planar p–n junctions. However, the planar design faces an inherent trade-off between photon detection efficiency and dynamic range due to loss of an active area at the cell edges. Non-planar designs of APDs and SiPMs have also been known since the development of spherical APDs (1968), metal-resistor-semiconductor APDs (1989), and micro-well APDs (2005). The recent development of tip avalanche photodiodes (2020) based on the spherical p–n junction eliminates the trade-off, outperforms the planar SiPMs in the photon detection efficiency, and opens new opportunities for SiPM improvements. Furthermore, the latest developments in APDs based on electric field-line crowding and charge-focusing topology with quasi-spherical p–n junctions (2019–2023) show promising functionality in linear and Geiger operating modes. This paper presents an overview of designs and performances of non-planar APDs and SiPMs.

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Section: Non-planar Apd and Sipm Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avalanche Photodiodes and Silicon Photomultipliers of Non-Planar Designs

Vinogradov

2023

Sensors

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“…SSPM with its unprecedented photon number resolution and perfect time resolution is a promising photodetector for low light pulse detection. Various SSPMs are used currently with such applications as time-of-flight positron emission tomography, time-of-flight ring imaging Cherenkov detection, communications and others, where precise information concerning the number of photons in the detected pulse and its arrival time is strongly required [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of single photon detection in solid state photomultipliers using multi-photon transit time histograms

et al. 2011

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The precision measurement of the weak light pulse arrival time seems to be really important for various time-of-flight applications within the high energy physics and the medical imaging areas. Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) and single photon Transit Time Spread (TTS) are considered to be the key characteristics for time resolution responsible photodetectors within such applications. The measurements of PDE and TTS are rather independent and require different techniques and setups. We consider the probability of single photon detection as a defective cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the single photon transit time, so a number of analytical expressions of how it can be reconstructed from the multi-photon TTS histogram affected by the dark counts have been found. It has allowed us to suggest a robust quantitative method of a single photon detection characterization provided with both single photon TTS and PDE. The method is considered to be especially relevant and useful for the Solid State Photomultipliers (SSPM) with high dark count rate.

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