2012
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.707181
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Advances in the formation, use and understanding of multi-cellular spheroids

Abstract: Introduction Developing in vitro models for studying cell biology and cell physiology is of great importance to the fields of biotechnology, cancer research, drug discovery, toxicity testing, as well as the emerging fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Traditional two dimensional (2D) methods of mammalian cell culture have several limitations and it is increasingly recognized that cells grown in a three dimensional (3D) environment more closely represent normal cellular function due to the i… Show more

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Cited by 457 publications
(414 citation statements)
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“…[36,37] Examples range from cell-self-assemblybased approaches, to scaffold-based approaches, and on-chip biomimicry. In the next section, we aim to sketch and illustrate the importance of these classical 3D cell culture platforms and capturing the third dimension.…”
Section: Biomaterials For 3d Cell Biology Prospective Articlementioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…[36,37] Examples range from cell-self-assemblybased approaches, to scaffold-based approaches, and on-chip biomimicry. In the next section, we aim to sketch and illustrate the importance of these classical 3D cell culture platforms and capturing the third dimension.…”
Section: Biomaterials For 3d Cell Biology Prospective Articlementioning
confidence: 99%
“…oxygen and nutrients) and cell-cell and cell-extra cellular matrix (ECM) interactions. [36,38,39] With time, a variety of methods have been developed to produce spheroids, one well-known example being the hanging drop method. [36,38] In this approach, aliquots of cell suspensions are seeded on an adherent surface, which is subsequently reverted, yet allowing the droplets to stay attached due to surface tension, resulting in gravity-enforced cell aggregation at the bottom of the droplets.…”
Section: Cell-self-assembly-based Approachesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Also, they play an important role in cancer research, drug discovery, and tissue engineering. [1] Spheroids are progressively finding application in tissue engineering strategies as building block units to be used in a multiplicity of approaches targeting the regeneration of different organs and tissues, [2][3][4][5] including bioprinting and biofabrication microfluidic devices, [19] production of smart drug delivery systems, [20] biocompatible polymeric microparticles with nearly 100% drug encapsulation yield, [21] bioactive spherical structures with shape memory capability, [22] and high-throughput generation of shapecontrolled microgels. [23] Other promising application of these platforms involves the easy in situ analyzes of cellular response.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Scaffold-free cultures are advantegous in providing self-assembly of cells and true physiological interactions between different types of cells without any secondary interfering material [12][13][14]. One of the scaffold-free methods is the micromolded technique utilizing nonadhesive hydrogels, cells of either one type or of more than one type spontaneously aggregate to form 3D microtissue spheroids [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] providing physiologically relevant conditions and a suitable platform for testing of drugs at early stage development [16] and high throughput screening processes [9]. In this context, multi-layers of cells within the microtissue spheroid forms natural barriers to drugs as intercellular tight junctions bind cells together and block or slow down the diffusion of drugs as in human tissues [19].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%