Advances in the research of polymeric pour point depressant for waxy crude oil

Li, Na; Shi, XianZhi; Tian, ShiWei; Liu, Yang

doi:10.1080/01932691.2017.1385484

Cited by 55 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Among the preventive actions are those that modify the wax crystals and/or prevent their agglomeration and deposition. This line ofactions includes coating pipes with anti‐stick materials; the electromagnetic method, which modifies the crystals; and injection of chemical additives, called organic deposition inhibitors …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the chemical structure of additives poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)‐based on the pour point of crude oils

Oliveira

Nunes

Pessoa

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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One of the methods to prevent wax precipitation, during petroleum production, transport, and refining, is the use of polymer additives that can reduce the oil pour point. However, no single additive work for all types of crude oil and this relation is not yet well known. In this study, a family of polymers based on poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), containing hydroxyl groups and long pendant hydrocarbon chains (from C6 to C18), were synthesized and characterized by H 1 nuclear magnetic resonance and solubility test. Four crude oil samples containing different amounts and size distribution of the wax were used. The additive's action is favored by higher contents of iso + cycloalkanes and lower contents of n-paraffins with larger chain sizes. The presence of the CH 3 COO group in the copolymers promoted the lowering of the pour point, supported by a low OH concentration and the presence of a long pendant hydrocarbon chain: the best results were obtained with C10 and C12 chain lengths.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the chemical structure of additives poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)‐based on the pour point of crude oils

Oliveira

Nunes

Pessoa

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Waxy crude oils are characterized as highly viscous and low-degree API gravity fluid composed of macrocrystalline and micro-crystalline aggregates of hydrocarbon molecules Li et al, 2018;Zheng et al, 2016). The macro-crystalline paraffin wax comprises of low molecular weight straight-chain n-alkanes (C 16 to C 36 ), which crystallizes in needle or platelet shape crystals at low temperature Li et al, 2018) and usually can be found in the production and transportation systems (Al-Safran and Brill, 2017;Hao et al, 2019). Whereas, the micro-crystalline wax consists of high fraction of branches and cyclo-alkanes with a high molecular weight (C 30 to C 60 ) and usually precipitates in form of needles and mal-crystalline shapes (Kok and Saracoglu, 2000;Mansoori, 2009;Stephan John, 2013;Zheng et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, several wax prevention and remediation methods have been developed and tested in the oil field that include (1) mechanical method, using devices known as pigs, scrapers or cutters (2) thermal method, such as inductive heating, (3) chemical treatment using inhibitors (Al-yaari and Fahd, 2011;Chi et al, 2016;El-Dalatony et al, 2019;Kok and Saracoglu, 2000;Li et al, 2018) and (4) microbial method, which uses microorganisms to produce by-products that act as surfactants or solvents (Etoumi, 2017;Sakthipriya et al, 2017). Other methods tested with limited success are (1) electromagnetic treatments (Balakirev et al, 2007;Coto et al, 2014;Towler and Rebbapragada, 2004), (2) piezoelectric energy (Sulaiman et al, 2011), and (3) vacuum-insulated tubing (Singh et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Kasumu, (2014) reported cold flow as another emerging technology to control wax deposition. However, according to several researchers (Aiyejina et al, 2011;Coto et al, 2014;Li et al, 2018) these techniques are influenced by efficiency, cost and environmental concerns. Among these methods, pipeline pigging and chemical treatment are conventionally ranked as the top in the field practice for wax remediation and prevention (Aiyejina et al, 2011;Galta, 2014;Li et al, 2019;Zheng et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depositional Behaviour of Highly Macro-Crystalline Waxy Crude Oil Blended with Polymer Inhibitors in a Pipe with a 45-Degree Bend

Makwashi

Barros

Sarkodie

et al. 2019

SPE Offshore Europe Conference and Exhibition

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Production, transportation and storage of highly waxy crude oil is very challenging. This is because they are usually characterised by high content of macro-crystalline waxes, predominantly consisting of n-alkanes (C 18 to C 36) that which could cause costly deposition within the wellbore and production equipment. The accumulation of deposited wax can decrease oil production rates, cause equipment breakdown, and clog the transport and storage facilities. Currently, different polymeric inhibitors have been utilised in the oil and gas field to mitigate and prevent wax deposition. However, as of today, there is no distinctive wax inhibitor that could work effectively for all oil fields. One of the objectives of this work is to study the efficacy of a blended commercial wax inhibitor-pour point depressant on wax deposition mitigation in a flow rig designed with 0 and 45-degree bends in the pipeline. Standard laboratory techniques using high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC), rheometer rig, polarized microscope and elution chromatography were employed to obtain n-paraffin distribution, oil viscosity, WAT, pour point and SARA fractions. Series of experimentation were carried out with and without the inhibitor in a straight pipe test section. The severity of wax deposition in the pipeline built-in with a 45-degree bend is compared with a straight pipe. The blended inhibitor was tested at concentrations of 500, 1000, and 1500-ppm, under laminar and turbulent conditions. The crude oil sample was found to be naturally waxy with wax content of 19.75wt%, n-paraffin distributions ranges from C 15-C 74 , WAT and pour point of 30°C and 25°C respectively. The severity of wax deposition in the test section is 43% higher in 45-degree bend compared to straight pipe. However, the severity of the deposition was reduced to 12.3% at extremely low temperature and flow rate. Nonetheless, better inhibition performance was achieved at 25 and 30°C. The wax thickness was reduced from δ wax ≈ 0.36mm at 5 l/min to δ wax ≈ 0.132mm at 7 l/min at constant coolant temperature (25°C) and 1500-ppm, whereas, no wax deposition was observed at 11 l/ min. Mechanisms such as molecular diffusion due to frictional pressure losses, shear dispersion and gravity settling due to momentum change and hydrostatic, alongside with thermal difference are the main drivers for wax deposition in both straight and bend pipe. Whereas, the interaction mechanisms such as the nucleation, alongside with adsorption, co-crystallization, and solubilisation between the new blended inhibitor and the wax crystals provide an improved inhibition performance in the system even at extreme cases.

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Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of stearyl acrylate-co-behenyl acrylate copolymer as a pour point depressant of waxy crude oil

Elarbe

Elganidi

Ridzuan

et al. 2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Pour point depressant (PPD) has the competitive advantage of lowering the temperature of the wax appearance (WAT) and crude oil viscosity. In this paper, a novel PPD of poly stearyl acrylate-co-behenyl acrylate (SA-co-BA) in various mass ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2 and 1:3) was effectively synthesized by solution radical polymerization method, and characterized by fourier transform infrared FTIR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance NMR, x-ray diffraction XRD and scanning electron microscopy SEM. The SA-co-BA PPD was evaluated on Malaysian crude oil via the pour point, the rheological and cold finger analysis to prevent the wax deposition at low temperature and improve flowability. The findings showed that the mass ratio (1:1) at 1000 ppm has a positive effect on the pour point depression from 11 to 2 °C. It was investigated from the rheological measurement that the viscosity of crude oil increases as the temperature decreases. Whereas, the viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases and as shear rate increases, shear stress increases. The flowability performance of the crude by the mass ratio of 1:1 at 1000 of the SA-co-BA concentrations have improved by 89.76%. The highest paraffin inhibition efficiency PIE of wax deposited was obtained at 1:1 of the mass ratio by 44.14%, indicating the smallest amount of wax is formed. This finding is interestingly attributed to the acrylate groups that have a long alkyl chain. Thus, SA-co-BA copolymer was demonstrated to be an appreciable pour point depressant that can prevent the wax deposition at low temperature and increasing the flowability of Malaysian crude oil.

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Advances in the research of polymeric pour point depressant for waxy crude oil

Cited by 55 publications

References 67 publications

Influence of the chemical structure of additives poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)‐based on the pour point of crude oils

Influence of the chemical structure of additives poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)‐based on the pour point of crude oils

Depositional Behaviour of Highly Macro-Crystalline Waxy Crude Oil Blended with Polymer Inhibitors in a Pipe with a 45-Degree Bend

Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of stearyl acrylate-co-behenyl acrylate copolymer as a pour point depressant of waxy crude oil

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