Advances in urinary protein biomarkers for urogenital and non-urogenital pathologies

Abstract

The discovery of protein biomarkers that reflect the biological state of the body is of vital importance to disease management. Urine is an ideal source of biomarkers that provides a non-invasive approach to diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of diseases. Consequently, the study of the human urinary proteome has increased dramatically over the last 10 years, with many studies being published. This review focuses on urinary protein biomarkers that have shown potential, in initial studies, for diseases affecting the urogenital tract, specifically chronic kidney disease and prostate cancer, as well as other non-urogenital pathologies such as breast cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis. PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed literature on the subject, published in the last 10 years. The keywords used were “urine, biomarker, protein, and/or prostate cancer/breast cancer/chronic kidney disease/diabetes/atherosclerosis/osteoarthritis”. Original studies on the subject, as well as a small number of reviews, were analysed including the strengths and weaknesses, and we summarized the performance of biomarkers that demonstrated potential. One of the biggest challenges found is that biomarkers are often shared by several pathologies so are not specific to one disease. Therefore, the trend is shifting towards implementing a panel of biomarkers, which may increase specificity. Although there have been many advances in urinary proteomics, these have not resulted in similar advancements in clinical practice due to high costs and the lack of large data sets. In order to translate these potential biomarkers to clinical practice, vigorous validation is needed, with input from industry or large collaborative studies.

Diagnostic Test of Urine Proteome during Atherosclerotic Process Among White Rat (Rattus Novergicus Strain Wistar) Induced by Atherogenic Diet

“…16 This mechanism is likely to cause collagen fragments detected in patients with atherosclerosis. 17 In this study, the mean concentration of collagen in the treatment group was higher by (1.3 ng/ml) than the mean of the control group (0.23 ng/ml). Measurements were made at week 16 after treatment for the provision of atherogenic diet.…”

“…Other studies show type I collagen is found in cancer patients with bone metastases, the bone metabolic disease, liver abnormalities, and some other chronic inflammation. 17,20 Research conducted by Von Zur Muhlen et al, on mouse ApoE -/ -induced by high-fat diet shows that collagen expression can occur because of the general effect of high-fat diet. (11) Other organ disorders are also affected (kidneys, heart, muscles, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver).…”

“…Poor kidney filtration rate causes increased amount of collagen. 17 According to Lopez, et al, there are three limitations of collagen as a biomarker of cardiac abnormalities. First, collagen is the largest protein in the body and its metabolism is very dynamic.…”

“…Third, there has been no proper methodology for measuring collagen. 17 This research still has still a lot of limitations. The first is for the treatment.…”

<italic>Mup</italic>-knockout mice generated through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion for use in urinary protein analysis

“…In comparison to blood where proteins tend to be degraded by proteases like thrombin during coagulation, urine proteins are stable because these proteins are secreted mature. Moreover, owing to the availability, ease of collection and frequent correlation with the pathophysiology of diseases [3], it is not at all surprising that urinary proteins have been explored for use as biomarkers for a variety of diseases [4][5][6].…”