Advances of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Green Processes of Biomass‐Derived 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

Abstract

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is identified as an important bio-based platform chemical to bridge petroleum-based and biomass-based resources. It can be obtained through dehydration of various carbohydrates as well as converted to valueadded fuels and chemicals. As designer solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been widely used in catalytic transformation of biomass derivatives to various chemicals. This Review summarizes recent progress in experimental and theoretical studies on dehydration of carbohy-drates such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, cellobiose, chitosan, cellulose, inulin, and even raw biomass to generate HMF using ILs and DESs as catalysts/cocatalysts and/or solvents/cosolvents. It also gives an overview of IL and DES-involved catalytic transformation of HMF to downstream products via oxidation, reduction, esterification, decarboxylation, and so forth. Challenges and prospects of ILs and DESs are also proposed for further production of HMF and HMF derivatives from biomass in green and sustainable processes.

Progress in Catalytic Conversion of Renewable Chitin Biomass to Furan-Derived Platform Compounds

“…Among these, both as furan derivatives, HMF and 3A5AF are typical products of chitin biomass conversion. HMF, usually obtained from fructose, glucose, and their polysaccharides, is a well-known versatile platform compound and can be converted into building blocks of polymers, liquid fuel additives, pharmaceuticals, and other fine chemicals [16][17][18]. Compared to HMF that has been extensively investigated, 3A5AF is an emerging platform chemical, which has exhibited the potential to be a substrate for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing fine chemicals [19].…”

Cholesterol Protects the Liquid-Ordered Phase of Raft Model Membranes from the Destructive Effect of Ionic Liquids

“…Ionic liquids (ILs), with low melting temperatures and extremely low vapor pressures, are regarded as “green solvents” and promising alternatives to volatile organic solvents. − Nevertheless, ILs are not innately green as some of them are rather toxic and environmentally harmful. There has been a common concern that some ILs are toxic to living organisms. , Specifically, it has been revealed by many researchers that factors like the type of the polar headgroup and the length of alkyl chains of ILs affect their toxicity. − …”

Tetrabutylammonium-chloride-glycerol of deep eutectic solvent functionalized MnO2: a novel mimic enzyme for the quantitative and qualitative colorimetric detection of l-cysteine

“…Deep eutectic solvent (DES), as an emerging solvent, has been identified as offering new possibilities to replace traditional solvents in the field of organic and material synthesis, 18,19 separation, 20 electrochemistry, 21 and so on. DES is made of hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogenbond donors (HBDs) in a proper ratio under certain conditions.…”