Advances on Graphene-Based Nanomaterials and Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Applied in Cutaneous Wound Healing

Abstract

Graphene is a new type of carbon nanomaterial discovered after fullerene and carbon nanotube. Due to the excellent biological properties such as biocompatibility, cell proliferation stimulating, and antibacterial properties, graphene and its derivatives have become emerging candidates for the development of novel cutaneous wound dressings and composite scaffolds. On the other hand, pre-clinical research on exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) has been intensified for cell-free treatment in wound healing and cutaneous regeneration, via ameliorating the damaged microenvironment of the wound site. Here, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the latest studies and observations on the various effects of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) and MSC-Exos during the cutaneous wound repair process, as well as the putative mechanisms thereof. In addition, we propose the possible forward directions of GBNs and MSC-Exos applications, expecting to promote the clinical transformation.

Tissue engineering application combining epoxidized natural rubber blend and mesenchymal stem cells in in vivo response

“…Overall, the results support that Ki-67 expression, which is considered an indicator of cell proliferation and the antigen must be continuously present during the cell cycle, mainly observed between three to 10 days after the wound and decrease expression in non-proliferative stage. 69,37 When our results were analysed, it was possible to observe a Ki67 augmented in analysed samples at seventh day and this expression was decreased at 14 th day postimplantation. As previously demonstrated by Chou et al (2020), ADSC can attenuate inflammation and promote wound healing besides that increased expression of Ki-67.…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Promising Nanomedicine for Cutaneous Wound Treatment

“…However, antibiotic abuse may invoke many problems including antimicrobial resistance and other medical burdens. Antimicrobial resistance results from several aspects such as structural changes, genetic mutations of the invading bacteria, and the formation of biofilms. − Recently, many superior biomaterials equipped with different functions have been established to conquer antimicrobial resistance. , Among these nanomedicines, MSC-derived EVs or their composites have also shown their unique advantages for ameliorating infections via several routes. ,,− …”

Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Therapeutics in Cutaneous Lesions

“…Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), as next-generation nanomaterials, have showed significant potential as the delivery system of MSC-Exos. 77 A recent review summarized that GBNs have high surface area and loading rate to increase the effective dose and sustained release ability of MSC-Exos in wound healing. 77 These studies therefore pave way for future research on the application of xenogeneic EVs and combination of other materials to achieve complete skin regeneration.…”