Advances on the modification and biomedical applications of acellular dermal matrices

Abstract

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is derived from natural skin by removing the entire epidermis and the cell components of dermis, but retaining the collagen components of dermis. It can be used as a therapeutic alternative to “gold standard” tissue grafts and has been widely used in many surgical fields, since it possesses affluent predominant physicochemical and biological characteristics that have attracted the attention of researchers. Herein, the basic science of biologics with a focus on ADMs is comprehensively described, the modification principles and technologies of ADM are discussed, and the characteristics of ADMs and the evidence behind their use for a variety of reconstructive and prosthetic purposes are reviewed. In addition, the advances in biomedical applications of ADMs and the common indications for use in reconstructing and repairing wounds, maintaining homeostasis in the filling of a tissue defect, guiding tissue regeneration, and delivering cells via grafts in surgical applications are thoroughly analyzed. This review expectedly promotes and inspires the emergence of natural raw collagen-based materials as an advanced substitute biomaterial to autologous tissue transplantation. Graphical Abstract

Converting Acellular Dermal Matrix into On-Demand Versatile Skin Scaffolds by a Balanceable Crosslinking Approach for Integrated Infected Wounds Therapy

“…Both single-point masking and multipoint crosslinking have covalent crosslinking bonds, but in single-point masking, only one active group in the crosslinker molecule has covalent crosslinking with a certain active group of collagens, which can modify and fill collagen but has little effect on improving structural stability. While multipoint crosslinking refers to the covalent reaction between two or more active groups in a crosslinker molecule and the active sites on collagen, which can stabilize the structure and improve the thermal stability of collagen. , The DSC results show that the T d of HTCC-pADM is not much different from that of pADM, owing to the lack of active group that can covalently react with collagen fibers in HTCC, only physical adsorption and hydrogen bonding exist, and may be eluted during the cleaning process of the material. The T d of OHTCC-pADM increased to varying degrees because OHTCC contained active aldehyde groups that could covalently crosslink with collagen fibers in pADM, which could produce single-point masking and multipoint crosslinking to improve the thermal stability of collagen.…”

“…Ideal tissue engineering skin scaffolds should have comprehensive therapeutic effects and multiple functions, including biostable and long-lasting antimicrobial activity; extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics to promote cell migration, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition bionic structure; and appropriate mechanical properties, in order to play an effective role in the repair of full-thickness skin defect . Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is obtained from human or animal dermal tissue by removing epidermal and intradermal cellular components but retaining the ECM structure . And thus, ADM produces negligible inflammatory response and prevents rejection of the transplanted tissue. , Nature collagen fibers, as the main component of ADM, have natural woven and porous structures, which produce biomimetic microenvironment similar to natural tissues and can promote cell adhesion and proliferation significantly .…”

“…4 Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is obtained from human or animal dermal tissue by removing epidermal and intradermal cellular components but retaining the ECM structure. 5 And thus, ADM produces negligible inflammatory response and prevents rejection of the transplanted tissue. 6,7 Nature collagen fibers, as the main component of ADM, have natural woven and porous structures, which produce biomimetic microenvironment similar to natural tissues and can promote cell adhesion and proliferation significantly.…”

Acellular dermal matrix in reconstructive surgery: Applications, benefits, and cost

“…Chest wall defects are frequently caused by tumor herniation and resection (1,2,21,29,30,(81)(82)(83)(84)(85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91). Defects in the chest wall impair the strong framework that supports breathing and safeguards the viscera (92). Loss of chest wall integrity leads to devastating complications such as lung hernia, hemithorax shrinkage, and paradoxical chest wall motion (50).…”

Multifunctional, Ultra‐Tough Organohydrogel E‐Skin Reinforced by Hierarchical Goatskin Fibers Skeleton for Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Monitoring

“…Natural animal skin is a renewable biomass with collagen as the main component and with hierarchical collagen fibers of 3D as the main network structure, which has the advantages of high strength, flexibility, bio‐friendliness, and an extensive range of sources, [ 16,17 ] and is widely used in biomedical materials, [ 18 ] food, [ 19 ] cosmetic, [ 20 ] and leather industry. [ 21 ] Traditionally, animal skin is utilized to extract type I collagen molecules.…”