Advancing the application of bio-oils by co-processing with petroleum intermediates: A review

Impact of Coprocessing Biocrude with Petroleum Stream on Hydrotreating Catalyst Stability

“…54,55 Other studies also showed that coprocessing lignocellulosic bio-oils with petroleum distillates leads to increased coke formation and gradual sulfur leaching. 18,19 When coprocessing animal fat with gas oils, the high amounts of inorganic impurities, such as silicon, phosphorus, and alkali and alkaline earth metals, represent a risk of catalyst poisoning as one of the main reasons for catalyst deactivation. 20,21 These results provide important insights into the impact of coprocessing biocrudes causing faster deactivation of the hydrotreating catalysts and the development of mitigation approaches.…”

“…17 Studies on coprocessing lignocellulosic biooils with petroleum distillates showed that the high oxygen content in bio-oil leads to increased coke formation and a gradual sulfur leaching, resulting in catalyst deactivation and process deficiency. 18,19 In addition, when coprocessing animal fat with gas oils, the high amounts of inorganic impurities, such as silicon, phosphorus, and alkali and alkaline earth metals, represent a risk of catalyst poisoning as one of the main reasons for catalyst deactivation. 20,21 A clear understanding of the deactivation behavior particularly caused by biocrudes is highly desirable and critical to improving hydrotreating catalysts and processes to enable coprocessing renewable feedstocks and to incorporate biogenic carbon in fuels.…”

“…In petroleum refineries, catalyst deactivation has been well studied for hydrotreating processes. , The deactivation is largely a result of simultaneous coke and metal deposition and is affected by several factors, including catalyst type, feedstock properties, operating conditions, and reactor design. , The impact of biomass-derived oil and crude intermediates on coprocessing catalyst stability has been reported. − For instance, introducing a lignocellulosic HTLbiocrude into petroleum gas oil showed premature and faster catalyst deactivation . Studies on coprocessing lignocellulosic bio-oils with petroleum distillates showed that the high oxygen content in bio-oil leads to increased coke formation and a gradual sulfur leaching, resulting in catalyst deactivation and process deficiency. , In addition, when coprocessing animal fat with gas oils, the high amounts of inorganic impurities, such as silicon, phosphorus, and alkali and alkaline earth metals, represent a risk of catalyst poisoning as one of the main reasons for catalyst deactivation. , A clear understanding of the deactivation behavior particularly caused by biocrudes is highly desirable and critical to improving hydrotreating catalysts and processes to enable coprocessing renewable feedstocks and to incorporate biogenic carbon in fuels.…”

Detailed Characterization of Diesel Fractions from Co-Hydroprocessing Vegetable Oil and Petroleum Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil Blends

“…In Canada, federal and provincial renewable fuels regulations mandate a minimum renewable content of 5 vol % in gasoline and 2 vol % in diesel fuels. , With the implementation of the low-carbon-fuel standard (in British Columbia) and a federal clean fuel standard to reduce the carbon intensity of liquid transportation fuels, it is highly needed to develop technologies to produce biofuels in Canada from unconventional and renewable biomass resources. Under the renewable fuels regulations, both ester-based biodiesel and hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel are admissible as renewable content that can be used to meet the regulations. − The current industrial practice to meet government regulations is blending renewable fuel components with petroleum fuels produced separately in different facilities. Such a practice is considered costly and energy ineffective, since standalone biofuel plants must be built with a heavy capital investment.…”

“…Co-processing bio-oil with petroleum feedstocks mainly involves two refining processes, namely, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and hydroprocessing (hydrotreating and hydrocracking). The research and development over the past 30 years in these two areas has been reviewed in detail by several authors. ,− There are three major types of bio-oil feedstocks: pyrolysis oils derived from wood and agricultural wastes, vegetable oils, and animal fats. Currently the most common feedstocks are animal fats and vegetable oils, which are mostly made up of triglycerides and are the types of feedstocks traditionally used for biodiesel production.…”