Advantages of flame retardants based on nitrogen compounds

Horacek, Heinrich; Grabner, R.

doi:10.1016/s0141-3910(96)00045-6

Cited by 240 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The advantages of nitrogen-containing fire retardants have been reviewed by (Horacek and Grabner 1996). Their role is not fully understood, but they are considered to offer the following means of protection:…”

Section: Nitrogen Based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

2013

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Wood is one of the most sustainable, aesthetically pleasing and environmentally benign materials. Not only is wood often an integral part of structures, it is also the main source of furnishings found in homes, schools, and offices around the world. The often inevitable hazards of fire make wood a very desirable material for further investigation. As well as ignition resistance and a low heat release rate, timber products have long been required to resist burnthrough and maintain structural integrity whilst continuing to provide protection when exposed to fire or heat. Various industry standard tests are thus required to ensure adequate protection from fire is provided. When heated, wood undergoes thermal degradation and combustion to produce gases, vapours, tars and char. In order to understand and alter the fire behaviour of wood, it is necessary to know in as much detail as possible about its processes of decomposition. Various thermal analysis and flammability assessment techniques are utilised for this purpose, including thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry and the single burning item test. The results of such tests are often highly dependent on various parameters including changes to the gas composition, temperature, heating rate, and sample shape size. Potential approaches for fire retarding timber are reviewed, identifying two main approaches: char formation and isolating layers. Other potential approaches are recognised, including the use of inorganic minerals, such as sericrite, and metal foils in combination with intumescent products. Formulations containing silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus have been reported, and efforts to retain silicon in the wood have been successful using micro-layers of silicon dioxide. Nano-scale fire retardants, such as nanocomposite coatings, are considered to provide a new generation of fire retardants, and may have potential for wood. Expandable graphite is identified for use in polymers and has potential for wood provided coating applications are preferred.

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Section: Nitrogen Based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

2013

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“…Phosphorouscontaining polyols have been used extensively in the polyurethane industry (Lee et al, 1982 (Green, 1994;Inoue et al, 1989 ). The presence of nitrogen compounds have had significant effect on flame resistance, as can be seen in the low flammability of wool, silk, and leather (Horacek and Grabner, 1996), triazines, isocyanates, urea, guanidine, and cyanuric acid derivatives are nitrogen-containing organic compounds and have been used as flame retardants (Horacek and Grabner, 1993). Silicon containing flame retardants have also been used (Iji, 1998;Zaikov and Lomakin, 1996).…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability properties of low density polyethylene/wood fibre composites

Obidiegwu¹

2012

IOSRJEN

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Using simple combustion apparatus the effect of wood fibres on the flammability properties of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) was studied. Composite samples were prepared with LDPE and Kola Nitida (KN), and LDPE and Alstonia Boonei (AB) with fibre contents of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt. %. Test results show that ignition time and time for auto-combustion increased with increasing fibre content for both composite types. The flame propagation rate decreased with increasing fibre content for both composite samples. At 20 wt.%, LDPE/KN had about 650% and 1032% increment in ignition time and auto combustion time respectively, and showed a decrease of about 200% in FPR value, while LDPE/AB had about 290 % and 180 % increment in ignition time and auto combustion time respectively, and showed a decrease of about 110% in FPR value. The results show that LDPE/KN composites show better flame retardancy properties over LDPE/AB composites at 20 wt% fibre content.

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“…[10][11][12][13] Furthermore, some modified LDHs with intercalated flameretardant anions such as NO 2 3 and PO 32 4 enhance its flame retardancy. 14,15 Sulfamic acid (SA) and its derivatives have been documented for their flame retardancy in polymers, 16,17 and the synergistic flame retardancy of SA/MMT in PA6 has been reported by Lewin. 18,19 In this work, a novel sulfamic acid-intercalated MgAl-LDH (SA-LDH) was prepared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardancy and thermal and mechanical performance of intercalated, layered double hydroxide composites of polyamide 11, aluminum phosphinate, and sulfamic acid

Zhang

Tang

Jiang

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Sulfamic acid-intercalated MgAl-layered double hydroxide (SA-LDH) was prepared and added with aluminum phosphinate (AlPi) into polyamide 11 (PA11). The results showed that AlPi/SA-LDH made a positive contribution to both flame retardancy and thermostability, and the effect was demonstrated with the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL-94), cone calorimetry (CONE), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The char morphologies were observed by SEM, and its chemical composition was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The decomposition mechanism was examined by TGA-FTIR. The results showed that the LOI of PA11 was only 23.0 and cannot pass any UL-94 rating. The addition of 20% AlPi increased the LOI to 31.5 and passed the UL-94 V-1 rating, and AlPi/SA-LDH 15%/5% increased the LOI to 32.4 and also passed the UL-94 V-1 rating. The CONE results revealed that 20% of either AlPi or AlPi/SA-LDH brought about a 30% decrease in the peak heat release rate (pHRR). The contribution of SA-LDH to flame behavior was especially reflected in the postponement of pHRR. SEM showed that the char morphologies became denser after SA-LDH incorporation. The improvement in thermal stability of the AlPi/SA-LDH combination was documented by TGA in both N 2 and air atmospheres. The mechanical performance deterioration caused by AlPi was partly improved by SA-LDH. The storage modulus (E 0 ) below the T g of AlPi/SA-LDH 15%/5% was about 300 MPa higher than with 20% AlPi. This was attributed to a compatibility improvement. The interaction forces among PA11, AlPi, and SA-LDH were probed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry.

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Advantages of flame retardants based on nitrogen compounds

Cited by 240 publications

References 2 publications

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

Flammability properties of low density polyethylene/wood fibre composites

Flame retardancy and thermal and mechanical performance of intercalated, layered double hydroxide composites of polyamide 11, aluminum phosphinate, and sulfamic acid

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