Adventitious presence of GMOs in maize in the view of coexistence

Kozjak, Petra; Šuštar-Vozlič, Jelka; Meglič, Vladimir

doi:10.2478/v10014-011-0022-8

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, the average cross‐fertilization rate never reached 0% within 250 m from the pollen source (Goggi et al, 2006). There was evidence that cross‐fertilization was detected at a distance of 650 m from the pollen source and that maize pollen could travel up to several kilometers (Henry et al, 2003; Kozjak et al, 2011).…”

Section: Cross‐compatible Relationship Among Ga1‐s Ga1‐m and Ga1 Alle...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 4 to 5 d planting shift led to a 25% reduction in the cross‐fertilization rate and a 6‐d shift led to a 50% reduction (Della Porta et al, 2008). Up to a 70% reduction in the cross‐fertilization rate could be achieved when the planting shift was over 10 d (Kozjak et al, 2011). To minimize the adventitious presence of GM maize, isolation distances have been proposed, ranging from 15 to 800 m in the EU member states (Devos et al, 2009; Riesgo et al, 2010).…”

Section: Cross‐compatible Relationship Among Ga1‐s Ga1‐m and Ga1 Alle...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specialty maize, such as sweet and waxy maize, is required to be free from foreign pollen due to the xenia effect. Up to a 70% reduction in the cross-fertilization rate could be achieved when the planting shift was over 10 d (Kozjak et al, 2011). Non-GM maize fields require GM-free pollen to avoid contamination.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fine Mapping of the Maize Cross‐Incompatibility Locus Gametophytic Factor 1 (ga1) Using a Homogeneous Population

et al. 2014

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873 RESEARCHM aize (Zea mays L.) is a cross-pollinating crop and the level of cross-fertilization among maize plants of neighboring fields is very high due to a heavy volume of pollen produced by the maize plant and factors such as wind and insects that facilitate pollen traveling. Many field experiments have been performed to study the cross-fertilization rate of maize (Henry et al. ABSTRACTPhenotyping of a mapping population is usually the bottleneck that limits the size of the mapping population and mapping resolution. A homogeneous population mapping approach was used for mapping maize (Zea mays L.) gametophytic factor 1 (ga1) that could completely eliminate phenotyping during the mapping process. The strong allele of maize ga1 (Ga1-S), from popcorn inbred line SDGa25, showed a 100% cross-incompatibility with the majority of Chinese dent and flint maize. A homogeneous mapping population was developed by crossing an (SDGa25/Jing66) F 1 male back to an SDGa25 female. During the pollination process, pollen grains of ga1 were completely excluded from fertilization, and a homogeneous BC 1 F 1 (SDGa25//SDGa25/Jing66) population was created in which only the Ga1-S/Ga1-S genotype existed, making phenotyping unnecessary. A total of 2245 individuals of this population were genotyped with SD9 and SD12 markers and 20 recombinants were identified. The Ga1-S locus was quickly delineated to a 100 Kb region between markers dCS1 and insertion deletion ID7 at position 9,491,422 and 9,591,946 bp based on the B73 RefGen_v2 sequence. By markerassisted selection, Ga1-S was introgressed into parental lines of an elite white waxy maize hybrid by six generations of backcrossing and one generation of selfing. The homozygous Ga1-S/Ga1-S hybrid showed full cross-incompatibility to ga1 maize. The Ga1-S allele could be used as a biological reproductive barrier in reducing crosspollination between different types of maize such as waxy and non-waxy, genetically modified (GM) and non-GM maize.

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Section: Cross‐compatible Relationship Among Ga1‐s Ga1‐m and Ga1 Alle...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cross‐compatible Relationship Among Ga1‐s Ga1‐m and Ga1 Alle...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fine Mapping of the Maize Cross‐Incompatibility Locus Gametophytic Factor 1 (ga1) Using a Homogeneous Population

et al. 2014

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“…Field corn pollen is ∼100 μm compared with 17–58 μm in most other wind‐pollinated plants (Stanley & Linskens, 2012). Despite pollen of field corn being relatively large and heavy, gene flow in corn has been shown at larger distances with favorable meteorological conditions (Kozjak, Sustar‐Vozlic, & Meglic, 2011; Luna, Figueroa, Baltazar, Gomez, & Townsend, 2001; Messeguer et al., 2006). Isolation distances of 200 and 300 m are typically recommended to maintain 99 and 99.5% purity standards in field corn (Ingram, 2000; Luna et al., 2001; National Research Council, 2000); however, complete isolation of field corn fields planted at the same time requires 1,600 m (Bech, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of pollen‐mediated gene flow from Ga1‐m field corn to dent‐sterile Ga1‐s popcorn

Barnes

Knežević

et al. 2020

Crop Science

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The popcorn industry in the United States is at risk of genetic contamination because it utilizes the gametophyte factor 1 gene (Ga1) as a barrier against pollen‐mediated gene flow (PMGF) from field corn (Zea mays L.). Popcorn with the Ga1‐s allele accepts pollen only from Ga1‐s corn, allowing for field corn and popcorn to be nearby without isolation. Germplasm is being introduced to the United States to increase field corn diversity that unknowingly contains the Ga1‐m allele, which can overcome Ga1‐s selectivity and pollinate popcorn. The risk to the popcorn industry has been underassessed. Experiments were conducted to model the frequency of PMGF from Ga1‐m field corn to Ga1‐s popcorn under field conditions and to evaluate the role of wind speed and direction using a concentric donor–receptor design in 2017 and 2018 in Nebraska, USA. The PMGF to white popcorn was detected using a field corn pollen donor with yellow kernel color (dominate) and further confirmed with a molecular test. Popcorn kernels were harvested from cardinal and ordinal directions from 1 to 70 m. More than 7 million kernels were screened to detect the PMGF. Information‐theoretic criteria were used to select the best‐fit model. The greatest PMGF (1.6– 4.1%) was detected at 1 m and declined with distance. The PMGF was detected at 70 m, the maximum distance tested. Amplification of Ga1 followed by restriction enzyme digest confirmed that yellow kernelled progeny were hybrids from the result of PMGF. This is the first assessment of PMGF from field corn to popcorn, and the results are alarming for the popcorn industry and export market.

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“…Several preventive measures are used to minimize the risk of pollen-mediated gene flow in maize, such as certified seed, asynchronous flowering, barrier zones, isolation distance, and good agricultural practices. 2 Particularly, the isolation distance is widely used to ensure the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops in the fields. 3 These preventive measures are beneficial for keeping the adventitious presence of GM content in non-GM crops below the threshold established by different countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of different sampling schemes in predicting adventitious genetically modified maize content in a smallholder farming system

Jhong

Lin

Yiu³

et al. 2020

GM Crops & Food

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When genetically modified (GM) maize is planted in an open field, it may cross-pollinate with the nearby non-GM maize under certain airflow conditions. Suitable sampling methods are crucial for tracing adventitious GM content. By using field data and bootstrap simulation, we evaluated the performance of common sampling schemes to determine the adventitious GM content in small maize fields in Taiwan. A pollen dispersal model that considered the effect of field borders, which are common in Asian agricultural landscapes, was used to predict the cross-pollination (CP) rate. For the 2009–1 field data, the six-transect (T six ), JM method for low expected flow (JM[L]), JM method for high expected flow (JM[H]), and V-shaped transect (T V ) methods performed comparably to simple random sampling (SRS). T six , T V , JM(L), and JM(H) required only 13% or less of the sample size required by SRS. After the simulation and verification of the 2009–2 and 2010–1 field data, we concluded that T six , T V , JM(L), and systematic random sampling methods performed equally as well as SRS in CP rate predictions. Our findings can serve as a reference for monitoring the pollen dispersal tendencies of maize in countries with smallholder farming systems.

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Adventitious presence of GMOs in maize in the view of coexistence

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Fine Mapping of the Maize Cross‐Incompatibility Locus Gametophytic Factor 1 (ga1) Using a Homogeneous Population

Fine Mapping of the Maize Cross‐Incompatibility Locus Gametophytic Factor 1 (ga1) Using a Homogeneous Population

Risk assessment of pollen‐mediated gene flow from Ga1‐m field corn to dent‐sterile Ga1‐s popcorn

Effectiveness of different sampling schemes in predicting adventitious genetically modified maize content in a smallholder farming system

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